{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T13:27:31Z","timestamp":1776086851733,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a limited evidence\u2010base describing clinical features of delirium in youth. What is known is largely extrapolated from studies of adults or samples with heterogeneous etiologies. It is unclear if the symptoms experienced by adolescents differ from those experienced by adults, or the degree to which delirium impacts the ability of adolescents to return to school or work.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe delirium symptomatology among adolescents following a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Symptoms were compared by adolescent delirium status and across age groups. Delirium and its relationship with adolescent employability 1\u2009year post\u2010injury was also examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exploratory secondary analysis of prospectively collected data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Free\u2010standing rehabilitation hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severely injured TBI Model Systems neurorehabilitation admissions (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009243; median Glasgow Coma Scale\u2009=\u20097). The sample was divided into three age groups (adolescents, 16\u201321\u2009years, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200963; adults 22\u201349\u2009years, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009133; older adults \u226550\u2009years, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200947).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed patients using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM\u2010IV) diagnostic criteria and the Delirium Rating Scale\u2010Revised 98 (DRS\u2010R\u201098). The <jats:italic>employability<\/jats:italic> item from the Disability Rating Scale was the primary 1\u2010year outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most items on the DRS\u2010R\u201098 differentiated delirious from non\u2010delirious adolescents. Only \u201cdelusions\u201d differed among age groups. Among adolescents, delirium status 1\u2009month post\u2010TBI provided acceptable classification of employability prediction 1\u2009year later (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69\u20130.91, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Delirium symptom severity (AUC: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.68\u20131.03, SE: 0.09; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and days of post\u2010traumatic amnesia (AUC: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.68\u20131.01, SE: 0.08; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) provided excellent prediction of outcomes for TBI patients in delirium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Delirium symptomatology was similar among age groups and useful in differentiating the delirium status within the adolescent TBI group. Delirium and symptom severity at 1\u2009month post\u2010TBI were highly predictive of poor outcomes. Findings from this study support the utility of DRS\u2010R\u201098 at 1\u2009month post\u2010injury to inform treatment and planning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T13:51:25Z","timestamp":1686750685000},"page":"122-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Delirium following traumatic brain injury in adolescents: Symptomatology and prediction of ability to return to school or employment 1\u2010year post\u2010injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5075-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Garofano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Risa","family":"Nakase\u2010Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James A. 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