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Sleep apnea is another comorbidity that may exacerbate, and\/or be exacerbated by, vestibular dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the relationship between sleep apnea and vestibular symptoms in V\/SM diagnosed with TBI of any severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multicenter cohort study; cross\u2010sectional sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>In\u2010patient TBI rehabilitation units within five Veterans Affairs (VA) Polytrauma Rehabilitation Centers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>V\/SM with a diagnosis of TBI (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009630) enrolled in the VA TBI Model Systems study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title><jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A multivariable regression model was used to evaluate the association between sleep apnea and vestibular symptom severity while controlling for relevant covariates, for example, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lifetime history of sleep apnea was determined via best source reporting. Vestibular disturbances were measured with the 3\u2010item Vestibular subscale of the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One third (30.6%) of the sample had a self\u2010reported sleep apnea diagnosis. Initial analysis showed that participants who had sleep apnea had more severe vestibular symptoms (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093.84, SD\u2009=\u20092.86) than those without sleep apnea (M\u2009=\u20092.88, SD\u2009=\u20092.67, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). However, when the data was analyzed via a multiple regression model, sleep apnea no longer reached the threshold of significance as a factor associated with vestibular symptoms. PTSD severity was shown to be significantly associated with vestibular symptoms within this sample (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis of these data revealed a relationship between sleep apnea and vestibular symptoms in V\/SM with TBI. The significance of this relationship was affected when PTSD symptoms were factored into a multivariable regression model. However, given that the mechanisms and directionality of these relationships are not yet well understood, we assert that in terms of clinical relevance, providers should emphasize screening for each of the three studied comorbidities (sleep apnea, vestibular symptoms, and PTSD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T16:15:00Z","timestamp":1690301700000},"page":"1524-1535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring the relationship between sleep apnea and vestibular symptoms following traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1738-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen M.","family":"Skop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Services, Department of Physical Therapy James A Haley Veterans' Hospital  Tampa Florida USA"},{"name":"Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida, School of Physical Therapy  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bajor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service James A Haley Veterans' Hospital  Tampa Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida  Tampa Florida USA"},{"name":"Harvard South Shore Psychiatry Training Program  Brockton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitch","family":"Sevigny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department Craig Hospital  Englewood Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7865-179X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chad","family":"Swank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor Scott &amp; White Research Institute for Rehabilitation  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"Baylor Scott White Research Institute  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudha","family":"Tallavajhula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas McGovern Medical School  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"TIRR Memorial Hermann Neurological Sleep Disorders Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Risa","family":"Nakase\u2010Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences and Defense and Veterans' Brain Injury Center James A. 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