{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:53:21Z","timestamp":1790790801443,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ambulation using standard axillary crutches (SACs) is associated with increased energy expenditure (EE) and decreased ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs). Using a hands\u2010free crutch (HFC) displays potential for easier completion of ADLs and reduction in energy requirements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine if a HFC elicits lower EE and heart rate (HR), improvement in performance of ADLs, and decreased rating of perceived exertion (RPE) compared to common ambulatory devices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A randomized crossover\u2010controlled trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>University community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty healthy college students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants completed a 6\u2010minute walk test at 50\u2009m\/min, an ADLs course, and a two\u2010flight stair climb with SACs, HFC, knee scooter (KS), and unassisted ambulation (UA). The order of trial conditions was randomized. EE, HR, time to complete ADLs course and stair climb, and RPE during each condition were obtained. One\u2010way analyses of variance were performed to compare EE, HR response, and RPE between the assistive devices and UA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In all outcomes UA resulted in lower EE, HR, and RPE compared to all the assistive devices (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). For the ADLs course, EE was the same for the three assistive devices, whereas HR was significantly lower for HFC compared to SACs and KS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). RPE for HFC and KS was lower than SACs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). For the 6MWT, each device significantly differed from the other devices for EE, HR, and RPE, with KS eliciting the lowest values, followed by HFC. For the stair climbing task, HFC elicited lower EE, HR, and RPE than SACs. Fourteen participants indicated their overall preference for HFCs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In individuals prescribed weight\u2010bearing restrictions, using a HFC may offer an easier and more preferred alternative to more commonly used SACs during ambulation, stair climbing, and other ADLs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T12:38:16Z","timestamp":1699706296000},"page":"543-552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A comparison of energy expenditure and perceived exertion between standard axillary crutches, knee scooters, and a hands\u2010free crutch"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3981-2674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dillon J.","family":"Canter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health Miami University  Oxford Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1258-6566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Canter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health Miami University  Oxford Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-4429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul T.","family":"Reidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health Miami University  Oxford Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0281-4650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy P.","family":"Finucan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health Miami University  Oxford Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2614-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle L.","family":"Timmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health Miami University  Oxford Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.Emergency Department Summary Tables Published Online.2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12514"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199702000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003\u20109993(89)90004\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2473011420914561"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/24730114221139800"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.01054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Weight Bearing Compliance after Foot and Ankle Surgery.Grigory Gershkovich Dillon Arango Gene W. 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