{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T17:18:34Z","timestamp":1771607914922,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AR076737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AR076737"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding individual patient preferences for chronic low back pain (cLBP) outcomes is essential for targeting available therapeutic options; yet tools to elicit patient outcome preferences are limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop and test a choice\u2010based conjoint (CBC) measure, commonly used in behavioral economics research, to elicit what outcomes patients with cLBP want to achieve and avoid.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>We developed a survey\u2010based CBC measure to allow patients to make risk\/benefit trade\u2010off choices between possible treatment outcomes. After extensive literature, clinician, and patient input, our measure included seven attributes: fatigue, anxiety\/depression, difficulty thinking\/making decisions, pain intensity, physical abilities, change in pain, and ability to enjoy life despite pain. Random\u2010parameters logit models were used to estimate strength of preferences, and latent class analysis was used to identify patient characteristics associated with distinct preference.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Online study using the Sawtooth web\u2010based platform.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred eleven individuals with cLBP recruited from online advertising as well as at clinical sites across multiple academic and private institutions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most valued outcome was the highest level of physical activity (\u03b2\u2009=\u20091.6\u20131.98; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), followed by avoiding cognitive difficulties (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22121.48; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Avoidance of severe pain was comparable to avoiding constant fatigue and near\u2010constant depression\/anxiety (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.99, \u22121.02); <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). There was an association between preferences and current pain\/disability status; patients with higher pain had a stronger preference to avoid severe pain, whereas those with higher disability have stronger preferences for achieving physical activity. The latent class analysis identified two distinct groups: (1) more risk\u2010seeking and willing to accept worse outcomes (56%); and (2) more risk\u2010averse with a stronger preference for achieving maximum benefits (44%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study illuminated cLBP patient preferences for treatment outcomes and heterogeneity in these preferences. Patients stressed the importance of reaching high physical activity and avoiding cognitive declines, even over a desire to avoid pain. More work is needed to understand patient preferences to aid informed, shared decisions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T13:16:14Z","timestamp":1701522974000},"page":"836-847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Preferences for risks and benefits of treatment outcomes for chronic low back pain: Choice\u2010based conjoint measure development and discrete choice experiment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Leslie","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Denham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Program in 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