{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T21:56:11Z","timestamp":1776290171507,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008473","name":"Bournemouth University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008473","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respiration is a crucial determinant of autonomic balance and heart rate variability (HRV). The comparative effect of spontaneous versus paced breathing on HRV has been almost exclusively explored in healthy adults and never been investigated in an injured military cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the effect of spontaneous versus paced breathing on HRV in veterans with combat\u2010related traumatic injury (CRTI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>ArmeD serVices trAuma rehabilitatioN outComE (ADVANCE) study, Stanford Hall, UK.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample consisted of 100 randomly selected participants who sustained CRTI (eg, amputation) during their deployment (Afghanistan 2003\u20132014) and were recruited into the ongoing ADVANCE prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title><jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure<\/jats:title><jats:p>HRV was recorded using a single\u2010lead ECG. HRV data were acquired during a sequential protocol of 5\u2010minute spontaneous breathing followed immediately by 5\u2009minutes\u00a0of paced breathing (six cycles\/minute) among fully rested and supine participants. HRV was reported using time domain (root mean square of successive differences), frequency domain (low frequency and high frequency) and nonlinear (sample entropy) measures. The agreement between HRV during spontaneous versus paced breathing was examined using the Bland\u2013Altman analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean age of participants was 36.5\u2009\u00b1\u20094.6\u2009years. Resting respiratory rate was significantly higher with spontaneous versus paced breathing (13.4\u2009\u00b1\u20093.4 vs. 7.6\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0 breaths\/minute; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), respectively. Resting mean heart rate and root mean square of successive differences were significantly higher with paced breathing than spontaneous breathing (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Paced breathing significantly increased median low frequency power than spontaneous breathing (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). No significant difference was found in the absolute power of high frequency between the two breathing protocols. The Bland\u2013Altman analysis revealed poor agreement between HRV values during spontaneous and paced breathing conditions with wide limits of agreement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Slow\u2010paced breathing leads to higher HRV than spontaneous breathing and could overestimate resting \u201cnatural\u2010state\u201d HRV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T09:19:15Z","timestamp":1713431955000},"page":"1079-1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploratory analysis of spontaneous versus paced breathing on heart rate variability in veterans with combat\u2010related traumatic injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8551-0442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabeea","family":"Maqsood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Health &amp; Social Sciences Bournemouth University  Bournemouth UK"},{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susie","family":"Schofield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London  London UK"},{"name":"Academic Department of Military Rehabilitation, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre Stanford Hall Estate  Loughborough UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Khattab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Health &amp; Social Sciences Bournemouth University  Bournemouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony M. 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