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The therapy reduced pain intensity (mean difference [MD] 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.46\u20132.63) and kinesiophobia (MD 8.43, 95% CI 6.98 to 9.88), and increased grip strength (MD 1.86, 95% CI 0.28\u20133.45). The therapy also improved upper limb functional outcomes as assessed by the 30\u2010item Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire score (MD 13.52, 95% CI 10.63\u201316.41). However, the outcomes as assessed by the 11\u2010item <jats:italic>Quick<\/jats:italic>DASH questionnaire and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) were not superior to conventional rehabilitation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mirror neuron system\u2010based therapy for rehabilitation of upper limb orthopedic conditions may reduce pain intensity and kinesophobia, and improve grip strength and DASH scores compared with conventional rehabilitation programs. However, this interpretation is limited by the heterogeneity and various quality of the RCTs included in our meta\u2010analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T10:43:40Z","timestamp":1721904220000},"page":"59-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficacy of mirror neuron system\u2010based therapy for rehabilitation of upper limb orthopedic conditions: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1716-8945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chernkhuan","family":"Stonsaovapak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9095-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nantawan","family":"Koonalinthip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wasuwat","family":"Kitisomprayoonkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1870"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","article-title":"Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke","volume":"7","author":"Thieme H","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-5-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2021.100106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2016.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000001089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1540"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105876"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2021.105705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu287"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1533-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638280902887768"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314546134"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Graded motor imagery program\u2014a review","volume":"1","author":"Uttam M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Med Health Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000648"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10122545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports10120198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095526"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4893-10.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215518811907"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-171050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2022.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2017.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2022.35.2.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17585732221089181"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2013.833309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2020.10.017"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","article-title":"Outcomes with additional mirror therapy to rehabilitation protocol in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: a prospective randomized controlled study. 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