{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:31:23Z","timestamp":1787495483909,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Brain\u2013computer interface combined with virtual reality (BCI\u2010VR) can reduce the difficulty of motor imagery execution and improve training performance. Few studies have focused on the effects of BCI\u2010VR on attention, executive function, and lower\u2010limb function in stroke.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate feasibility and preliminary efficacy of BCI\u2010VR pedaling training on the attention, executive function, and lower\u2010extremity function in people after stroke. It will also provide data support for future research, especially sample size calculations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n A single group before\u2010after trial design was used. All participants had a stable level of function over a 2\u2010week period to ensure that their functional recovery was all attributable to BCI\u2010VR training.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n The study was conducted in a specialized rehabilitation hospital.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n Twelve participants with stroke, a certain level of motor imagery ability, capable of walking 10 meters continuously.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interventions<\/jats:title>\n All participants received a 4\u2010week BCI\u2010VR pedaling training program, 5\u2009days per week, 30\u2009minutes each session.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n Primary outcomes are feasibility and safety. Secondary outcomes were lower\u2010extremity mobility, attention, and executive functions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Twelve patients were recruited from inpatient rehabilitation and nine completed the study (six males\/three females; 56.6\u2009\u00b1\u200911.6\u2009years). Recruitment and retention rates were 34% and 75%, respectively. Excellent adherence rate (97.7%) was obtained. No adverse events or equipment issues were reported. Following the intervention, significant improvements were found in the lower\u2010extremity strength, balance, walking stability, attention, and general cognitive function (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.05). A significant correlation was found between improved Berg balance scale change values and symbol digit modalities test change values (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.05, r\u2009=\u20090.677).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n BCI\u2010VR pedaling training provides a depth of feasibility and safety data, methodological detail, and preliminary results. This could provide a useful basis for future studies of BCI\u2010VR pedaling training for stroke rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n \n ClinicalTrials<\/jats:styled-content>\n .gov registration number: ChiCTR2300071522 (\n http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn<\/jats:ext-link>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:13:26Z","timestamp":1740528806000},"page":"811-821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Impact of motor imagery\u2010based brain\u2010computer interface combined with virtual reality on enhancing attention, executive function, and lower\u2010limb function in stroke: A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8222-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunli","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Health Nanjing Sport Institute Nanjing Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Health Nanjing Sport Institute Nanjing Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingzhou","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Treatment Jiangsu Zhongshan Elderly rehabilitation Hospital Nanjing Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Treatment Jiangsu Zhongshan Elderly rehabilitation Hospital Nanjing Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Treatment Jiangsu Zhongshan Elderly rehabilitation Hospital Nanjing Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongxuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Treatment Jiangsu Zhongshan Elderly rehabilitation Hospital Nanjing Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Treatment Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital Wuxi Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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