{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T16:50:43Z","timestamp":1778345443274,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006360","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZF4478606TS9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZF4478606TS9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electrical stimulation is an effective treatment method for improving motor function after stroke, but the optimal current type for patients with stroke and arm paresis remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the effects of kilohertz frequency with low\u2010frequency current on stimulation efficiency, electrically induced force, discomfort, and muscle fatigue in patients with stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A randomized crossover study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurological inpatient rehabilitation clinic in Germany.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 23 patients with arm paresis after stroke within the last 6\u2009months were recruited, 21 were enrolled, and 20 completed the study (7 females; mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD: 66\u2009\u00b1\u200912\u2009years; 176\u2009\u00b1\u200911\u2009cm; 90\u2009\u00b1\u200919\u2009kg; 57\u2009\u00b1\u200934\u2009days since stroke).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title><jats:p>All patients underwent both kilohertz and low\u2010frequency stimulation in a randomized order on 2\u2009days (48\u2010hour washout). Each day included a step protocol with a gradual increase in stimulation intensity, starting at the first measurable force (up to 12 steps, 1\u2009mA increments, 8\u2009seconds stimulation, 60\u2009second rest) and a fatigue protocol (30 repetitions, 8\u2009second stimulation, 3\u2009second rest).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary outcome was stimulation efficiency (electrically induced force\/stimulation intensity) [N\/mA], measured during each step of the stepwise increase in current intensity protocol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Linear\u2010mixed\u2010effects models showed significantly higher stimulation efficiency for low\u2010frequency stimulation (mean difference 0.14 [95% confidence interval, 0.01\u20130.27\u2009N\/mA], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.031). However, current type did not significantly affect electrically induced force, level of discomfort, or muscle fatigue (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings suggest that low\u2010frequency stimulation is more efficient than kilohertz\u2010frequency stimulation. However, both current types yield similar effects on force, discomfort, and fatigue, making them both viable options for wrist extensor stimulation in patients after stroke. Considering the variability among individuals, customizing the current type based on electrically induced force and perceived discomfort may enhance therapeutic outcomes. Further research on the long\u2010term treatment effects of both current types is warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T14:59:31Z","timestamp":1747148371000},"page":"1055-1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of kilohertz versus low\u2010frequency electrical stimulation of the wrist extensors in patients after stroke: A randomized crossover trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7037-8111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Tenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science\/Therapeutic Sciences Trier University of Applied Sciences  Trier Germany"},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology Goethe\u2010University Frankfurt  Frankfurt am Main 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