{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:45:41Z","timestamp":1792597541904,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022871","name":"National Defense Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MND\u2010MAB\u2010D\u2010114120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND\u2010MAB\u2010D\u2010114120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022871","name":"National Defense Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MND\u2010MAB\u2010D\u2010115223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND\u2010MAB\u2010D\u2010115223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114\u20102221\u2010E\u2010016\u2010002\u2010MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114\u20102221\u2010E\u2010016\u2010002\u2010MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Anaerobic threshold (AT), a crucial indicator of submaximal exercise capacity and cardiorespiratory function, has been reported to be impaired in individuals with long COVID. However, the predictors of reduced AT during exercise in this population and its impacts on patient\u2010reported outcomes, including sleep quality and health\u2010related quality of life (HRQL), remain unknown. This study aims to identify factors associated with low AT and examine its relationship with patient\u2010reported outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the predictors of low AT and compare patient\u2010reported outcomes (sleep quality and HRQL) between individuals with normal and low AT among those with long COVID.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Post\u2010COVID integrated outpatient clinic at a medical center in northern Taiwan.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients (or Participants)<\/jats:title>\n Eligible patients aged 20\u201380\u2009years with long COVID were recruited.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interventions<\/jats:title>\n Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n \n AT, peak oxygen consumption (peak VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ), and patient\u2010reported outcomes, including sleep quality and HRQL, assessed using the Taiwanese version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life\u2010BREF and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Factors associated with low AT included younger age (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20090.904, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.867\u20130.942,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001) and lower peak VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (OR\u2009=\u20090.737, 95% CI: 0.659\u20130.842,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001). Participants with low AT exhibited impaired patient\u2010reported outcomes including poorer sleep quality (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.008), and lower HRQL scores across all domains, as compared to those with normal AT. After adjustment for significant covariates, only the psychological domain of HRQL remained statistically significant (adjusted\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.035).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Low AT in individuals with long COVID was associated with younger age and lower peak VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n . Its independent impact on sleep quality and HRQL appears limited, suggesting that patient\u2010reported outcomes may be influenced by multiple interacting factors and warrant further investigation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.70133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T12:10:57Z","timestamp":1778242257000},"page":"1154-1163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors associated with low anaerobic threshold and its impact on sleep quality and health\u2010related quality of life in individuals with long\n COVID<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3751-602X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia\u2010Huei","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, College of Nursing National Defense Medical University Taipei 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