{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T04:45:05Z","timestamp":1782708305182,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thoracic spine mobility is essential for optimal pitching mechanics and injury prevention in baseball players. While shoulder and hip range of motion (ROM) changes after pitching have been reported, there is a lack of evidence regarding immediate changes in thoracic spine ROM after pitching.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the immediate effects of repetitive pitching on thoracic spine extension and rotation ROM in high school baseball players and to identify which assessment method is most sensitive to these changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High school baseball fields.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty\u2010four male high school baseball players were randomly assigned to a pitching group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200917) or a control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200917). Players with prior elbow surgery or recent injuries were excluded.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pitching group performed 100 maximum\u2010effort fastballs, and the control group rested for an equivalent duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thoracic kyphosis angle, upper and lower trunk extension ROM, total trunk extension ROM, and six thoracic mobility tests were assessed before and after the intervention. The primary outcome was dominant\u2010side thoracic rotation ROM measured by the side\u2010lying rotation test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A significant group \u00d7 time interaction was observed for dominant\u2010side rotation in the side\u2010lying rotation test (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.015). Post hoc analysis revealed a significant increase in ROM after pitching in the pitching group (mean difference [pre\u2013post]\u2009=\u2009\u22123.4\u00b0;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.004; 95% CI: \u22125.675 to \u22121.266). No statistically significant correlation was found between ball velocity and dominant\u2010side rotation ROM (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.454,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.067), although a moderate\u2010to\u2010large effect size was observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Repetitive pitching acutely increases thoracic rotation ROM toward the throwing side in high school baseball players, detectable by the side\u2010lying rotation test. This test may serve as a practical tool to monitor pitching\u2010induced mobility changes relevant to performance and injury prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.70173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T04:08:33Z","timestamp":1782706113000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immediate changes in thoracic spine mobility after repetitive pitching in high school baseball players: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4344-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenta","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Kimura Orthopedic Clinic  Saitama 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