{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:02:59Z","timestamp":1784257379168,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]],"date-time":"2022-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric and Neonatal Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Commonly applied diagnostic criteria for growing pains (GP) have evolved without determination by an authoritative representative body. GP and restless legs syndrome (RLS) share anatomical, distributional, temporal, and other clinical features and are associated in individuals over time, in families, and in population samples. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that GP, diagnosed by widely used criteria, is confounded by cases of painful restless legs syndrome (RLS\u2010Painful).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A twin family study of genetic influence and associations of GP using questionnaires was administered by Twins Research Australia. Twins (3\u201318\u2009years; monozygous 503, dizygous 513), their oldest siblings, mothers, and fathers were randomly selected from the twin registry. Family members completed the questionnaires assessing lifetime prevalence of GP by commonly applied criteria and covariates including the history of iron deficiency and pediatric pain disorders. A GP\u2010Specific phenotype was defined as GP without urge to move the legs. We determined similarities in twin pairs for the GP and GP\u2010Specific phenotypes, family associations, and estimated familial and individual\u2010specific associations for each phenotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lifetime prevalence was one\u2010third lower for GP\u2010Specific than for GP among the twin and family members. Monozygous twin pairs were more similar than dizygous twin pairs for GP and for the derived GP\u2010Specific phenotype by three methods, consistent with genetic influence. There were familial associations, but the essential evidence for genetic influence was the twin\u2010cotwin data. GP was associated, in multivariable analyses, with migraine, headaches, recurrent abdominal pain, and iron deficiency, while GP\u2010Specific associations were limited to migraine and headaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>GP is hybrid, one\u2010third of cases having symptoms and associations of RLS, necessarily RLS\u2010Painful. GP\u2010Specific (without symptoms and associations of RLS) could have a genetic etiology. We propose new criteria to facilitate etiological and therapeutic research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pne2.12079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]],"date-time":"2022-05-07T13:32:30Z","timestamp":1651930350000},"page":"78-86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Improved definition of growing pains: A common familial primary pain disorder of early childhood"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4557-262X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. David","family":"Champion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain Sydney Children's Hospital  Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Women's and Children's Health UNSW Medicine, University of NSW  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9099-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minh","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6968-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Sarraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PwC Australia  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Formerly at Department of Pain Sydney Children's Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5943-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa J.","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Formerly at Department of Pain Sydney Children's Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"University of Technology Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneeka N","family":"Bott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Formerly at Department of Pain Sydney Children's Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Aneeka Bott Psychology  Randwick New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1753-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuxiang","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Genetics Sydney Children's Hospital  Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Women's and Children's Health University of NSW  Kensington New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1573-7844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiina","family":"Jaaniste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain &amp; Palliative Care Research Sydney Children's Hospital  Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Women's and Children's Health UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales  Kensington New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8567-173X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Hopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Twins Research Australia, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria 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