{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:51:19Z","timestamp":1785498679494,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006313","name":"Barncancerfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006313","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003186","name":"Fredrik och Ingrid Thurings Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003186","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric and Neonatal Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is often a challenge for a child to communicate their pain, and their possibilities to do so should be strengthened in healthcare settings. Digital self\u2010assessment provides a potential solution for person\u2010centered care in pain management and promotes child participation when a child is ill. A child's perception of pain assessment differs when it is assessed using digital or analog formats. As we move into the digital era, there is an urgent need to validate digital pain assessment tools, including the newly developed electronic Faces Thermometer Scale (eFTS). This study protocol describes three studies with the overall aim to evaluate psychometric properties of the eFTS for assessing pain in children 8\u201317\u2009years of age. A multi\u2010site project design combining quantitative and qualitative methods will be used for three observational studies. Study 1: 100 Swedish\u2010speaking children will report the level of anticipated pain from vignettes describing painful situations in four levels of pain and a think\u2010aloud method will be used for data collection. Data will be analyzed with phenomenography as well as descriptive and comparative statistics. Study 2: 600 children aged 8\u201317\u2009years at pediatric and dental settings in Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, and USA will be included. Children will assess their pain intensity due to medical or dental procedures, surgery, or acute pain using three different pain Scales for each time point; the eFTS, the Faces Pain Scale Revised, and the Coloured Analogue Scale. Descriptive and comparative statistics will be used, with subanalysis taking cultural context into consideration. Study 3: A subgroup of 20 children out of these 600 children will be purposely included in an interview to describe experiences of grading their own pain using the eFTS. Qualitative data will be analyzed with content analysis. Our pilot studies showed high level of adherence to the study procedure and rendered only a small revision of background questionnaires. Preliminary analysis indicated that the instruments are adequate to be used by children and that the analysis plan is feasible. A digital pain assessment tool contributes to an increase in pain assessment in pediatric care. The Medical Research Council framework for complex interventions in healthcare supports a thorough development of a new scale. By evaluating psychometric properties in several settings by both qualitative and quantitative methods, the eFTS will become a well\u2010validated tool to strengthen the child's voice within healthcare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pne2.12102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T16:06:01Z","timestamp":1679414761000},"page":"99-109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Psychometric evaluation of the electronic faces thermometer scale for pain assessment in children 8\u201317\u2009years old: A study protocol"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9188-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Castor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6419-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Bj\u00f6rk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The CHILD Research Group, Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping University  J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6726-5714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3362-3362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Berlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology Malm\u00f6 University  Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Kristjansdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Science University of Iceland  Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Kristjansdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Science University of Iceland  Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Hansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"H\u00f6\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anaesthetics and Sensory Organs 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