{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T07:59:35Z","timestamp":1790409575354,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric and Neonatal Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Procedural pain and fear are common during pediatric immunizations and other needle\u2010related procedures. This narrative review examined distraction\u2010based, non\u2010pharmacological interventions and the outcome measures used to assess pain and fear in children aged 6\u201312\u2009years, with particular attention to AI\u2010based interactive games and the Buzzy\/Buzzle Bee cold\u2010vibration device. A structured search of multiple databases identified 30 peer\u2010reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2024. Studies were synthesized narratively according to intervention type, pain\/fear outcomes, and measurement approach. Technology\u2010based distraction, particularly virtual reality (VR), was associated with reduced pain, fear, or anxiety across multiple studies. Cold\u2010vibration devices also reduced procedural pain and distress, while low\u2010cost distraction methods provided practical alternatives. Outcome measures included self\u2010report pain scales, fear scales, behavioral measures, proxy ratings, and physiological indicators. The findings support distraction\u2010based approaches while highlighting substantial variation in outcome measurement and the need for consistent, developmentally appropriate assessment tools. Although these interventions show promise, the studies vary widely in how pain and fear are measured. The studies included used a variety of outcome measures, including self\u2010report pain scales, fear scales, behavioral assessment tools, proxy ratings, and physiological indicators, making direct comparisons across studies more difficult. These inconsistencies highlight the need for more standardized and developmentally appropriate outcome measures. By summarizing current evidence and identifying gaps in assessment practices, this review underscores the importance of using reliable, child\u2010centered tools to evaluate distraction\u2010based interventions. Integrating these evidence\u2010based distraction strategies into routine pediatric care may help reduce procedural trauma, improve children's experiences, and support more child\u2010centered care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pne2.70048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T07:29:52Z","timestamp":1790407792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing Pain in Children: A Narrative Review of Distraction\u2010Based Interventions and Outcome Measurement Tools"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5492-436X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meryem Akay","family":"Kuzey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing and Health Sciences Murray State University  Murray Kentucky 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