{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T23:16:14Z","timestamp":1774566974930,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,3]],"date-time":"2002-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1020384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is an important cause of severe lung disease in infants, and increasing evidence suggests that it is immunologically mediated. Experiments in mice suggest that this may be due to differential T\u2010cell activation producing either type 1 or type 2 cytokines. We investigated this hypothesis in man by studying 24 infants ventilated with severe RSV bronchiolitis and by measuring messenger RNA (mRNA) for interleukin\u20104 (IL\u20104) and interferon\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u2010\u03b3), by polymerase chain reaction, in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. A semiquantitative assay was used to estimate concentrations of mRNA for these cytokines in comparison to mRNA of the constitutively expressed hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene.<\/jats:p><jats:p>BAL from 18\/24 infants showed polarization of cytokine production: 6 with only IFN\u2010\u03b3 mRNA, and 12 with only IL\u20104 mRNA. For the 6\/24 infants in whom both IL\u20104 mRNA and IFN\u2010\u03b3 mRNA were detected in BAL fluid, each was present in low amounts, compared with those with mRNA for IL\u20104 or IFN\u2010\u03b3 alone. IL\u20104 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 mRNA were not detected in any of the NPAs.<\/jats:p><jats:p>These findings provide the first direct evidence in infants that in RSV bronchiolitis there are divergent T\u2010cell responses and suggest that more than one mechanism may be responsible for immune\u2010mediated disease enhancement. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:449\u2013452. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,30]],"date-time":"2004-06-30T14:35:14Z","timestamp":1088606114000},"page":"449-452","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Cytokines in severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Mobbs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalind L.","family":"Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Una","family":"O'Hea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Ashby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ritson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. 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