{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T20:52:19Z","timestamp":1776286339109,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,24]],"date-time":"2003-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1056412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal anomaly in humans. Numerous congenital malformations associated with DS have been described. However, there are insufficient data available about airway anomalies. Our objective was to characterize the clinical presentation, frequency, and type of airway anomalies in a population of patients with DS. A retrospective evaluation of flexible bronchoscopies performed in 24 DS patients due to significant respiratory morbidity was compared to the findings in 324 non\u2010DS patients during the same time period. The procedure was carried out under sedation, using an Olympus BF3C20 bronchoscope. The main indications for the procedure were atelectasis of the right upper lobe (12\/24) and stridor (7\/24). The most common associated conditions were congenital heart disease (12\/24) and reactive airways disease (12\/24). The most important endoscopic findings were: laryngomalacia (12\/24), tracheomalacia (8\/24), tracheal bronchus (5\/24), and bronchomalacia (5\/24). Only six patients had a normal examination. Multiple airway anomalies (\u22652) were a common finding in this series. We conclude that patients with DS and respiratory symptoms have a high incidence of airway anomalies compared to non\u2010DS patients. The clinician should have a high index of suspicion for airway anomalies in DS patients with respiratory symptoms. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36:137\u2013141. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,25]],"date-time":"2003-06-25T10:17:32Z","timestamp":1056536252000},"page":"137-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Airway anomalies in children with Down syndrome: endoscopic findings"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solange","family":"Caussade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Holmgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Smith's recognizable patterns of human malformation","author":"Jones KL","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","volume-title":"Nelson's textbook of pediatrics","author":"Behrman RE","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890210025007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)34647-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-0709(90)90089-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"646","article-title":"Smaller average caliber of the subglottic region in children with Down syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Myer CM","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(00)00361-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15513819209024220"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80348-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199703000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.1.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200004000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"397","article-title":"Etiology of stridor in the neonate, infant, and child","volume":"89","author":"Holinger LD","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Otol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.1.233"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)38727-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","volume-title":"Pediatric laryngology and bronchoesophagology","author":"Holinger LD","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","volume-title":"Pediatric respiratory medicine","author":"Taussig LM","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0496(200102)31:2<150::AID-PPUL1024>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","first-page":"1014","article-title":"Tracheobronchomalacia. 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