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Recent data from HIV\u2010infected African children are reviewed and show that the pattern of respiratory disease in these children is not markedly different to the pattern that was reported from the USA and Europe prior to the use of antiretroviral therapy and routine <jats:italic>Pneumocystis jiroveci<\/jats:italic> pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis for HIV\u2010exposed infants. Bacterial pneumonia is very common in all age groups. PCP and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are especially common in infants, and lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) is common in older children. One difference is that pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is relatively more common in HIV\u2010infected African children. This is likely to reflect the higher prevalence of smear\u2010positive PTB in the region and therefore of exposure\/infection compared to developed countries. Autopsy studies have provided a lot of useful data, but more prospective clinical and intervention studies from different parts of the region are needed in order to improve clinical diagnosis and management. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36:462\u2013468. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,12]],"date-time":"2003-11-12T14:56:00Z","timestamp":1068648960000},"page":"462-468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Impact of HIV on childhood respiratory illness: Differences between developing and developed countries"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"S.M.","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/srin.2002.31685"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/61.1.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"Pulmonary disease in HIV\u2010infected African children","volume":"5","author":"Graham SM","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200101000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200102160-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","volume-title":"AIDS epidemic update: December 2001","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"807","article-title":"Case management of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: recent relevant research and current initiatives","volume":"4","author":"Rasmussen Z","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7219.1227"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.2.190"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200105000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(02)90129-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.2.e25"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.76.4.334"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.5.1202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/21.Supplement_3.S218"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199908000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.5.e56"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198912283212604"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.6.e77"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7027.335"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.76.2.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1996.11747852","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus infections in severely ill, HIV\u2010infected African infants","volume":"16","author":"Jeena PM","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11074-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313925"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2001.tb00270.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83170-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200012000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","volume-title":"Adaptation of the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) technical guidelines and training materials. 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