{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T19:49:51Z","timestamp":1774122591596,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,21]],"date-time":"2005-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1129852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4676,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repetitive polysomnograms were recorded between 40 weeks post\u2010conceptional age and 6 months in a total of 49 infants, 19 healthy preterm infants, 14 normal term infants, and 16 subsequent siblings of infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). These nighttime recordings lasted 2\u20134 hours, except at 3 months when an overnight 12\u2013hour recording was perfomed. Obstructive apneas (OA) &gt; 3 seconds were divided into 3 categories: 1) clear obstructive, 2) mixed and 3) unclear because of movement artifacts. More than half belonged in category 3 and were excluded from further analysis unless accompanied by a transient episode of bradycardia (TEB), defined as heart rate \u2264100 beats per minute. Each OA with TEB was also examined for changes in transcutaneous oxygen tension (Ptc<jats:sub>O2<\/jats:sub>). Most pauses were brief (median, 4 seconds), the longest (27 seconds) seen only once in the youngest premature infant. The majority of OA were accompanied by heart rate accelerations. The number of clear obstructive and mixed apneas was similar. The scores were combined to calculate a density (number per 100 minutes of recording). OA were not common: Their density decreased from 2 in 100 minutes at 40 weeks in the preterm to once every 300 minutes (5 hours) in the 6\u2010month\u2010old term infant. Ten percent of the OA were accompanied by TEB. Of these, 10% were accompanied by a Ptc<jats:sub>02<\/jats:sub> decrease of &gt;10 mm Hg. OA with TEB followed a nonmonotonic curve, the highest percentage of infants showing this pattern at the age of highest risk for SIDS. Minor differences among study groups were confined to less movements with OA in subsequent siblings and an earlier peak incidence of OA with TEB in prematures, compared to normal term infants. OA were seen in all study groups, were self\u2010limited, and apparently were devoid of pathological consequences. \u00a9 1993 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950150102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,6]],"date-time":"2007-03-06T18:22:26Z","timestamp":1173205346000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Obstructive apnea, associated patterns of movement, heart rate, and oxygenation in infants at low and increased risk for SIDS"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Toke","family":"Hoppenbrouwers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan E.","family":"Hodgman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Cabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"62","volume-title":"Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Medical Aspects and Psychological Management","author":"Thach BT","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.82.5.721","article-title":"Polysomnographic studies of infants who subsequently died of sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Kahn A","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.70.6.858","article-title":"The sudden infant death syndrome and apnea\u2010obstruction during neonatal sleep and feeding","volume":"70","author":"Steinschneider A","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.70.6.852","article-title":"Effects of obstructive sleep apneas on transcutaneous oxygen pressure in control infants, siblings of sudden infant death syndrome victims, and near miss infants: Comparison with the effects of central sleep apncas","volume":"70","author":"Kahn A","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"441","article-title":"Episodic airway obstruction in premature infants","volume":"137","author":"Dransfield DA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.55.1.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(79)80843-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198709000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1059630"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.71.5.721","article-title":"A critical dissection of obstructive apnea in the human infant","volume":"71","author":"Van Someren V","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.75.5.832"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"467","volume-title":"SIDS. Risk Factors and Brain Mechanisms","author":"Orr WC","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"105","article-title":"Pauses respiratories et sommmeil chez le nouveaune et le nourrisson","volume":"6","author":"Monod N","year":"1976","journal-title":"Rev EEG Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.64.6.882","article-title":"Mixed and obstructive sleep apnea and near miss for sudden infant death syndrome: 11. Comparison of near miss and normal control infants by age","volume":"64","author":"Guilleminault C","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1927-6_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","unstructured":"HoffmanE HavensB GeidelS HoppenbrouwersT. Long\u2010term continuous monitoring of multiple physiological parameters in newborn and young infants procedural manual.Acta Pediatr Scand Suppl1977;266."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","unstructured":"LofgrenO. On Transcutaneous PO2 Measurements in Humans.Some Methodological Physiological and Clinical Studies. PhD Thesis University of Lund 1978."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199201000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071317"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197802000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","volume-title":"Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education","author":"Guilford JP","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","unstructured":"AriagnoRL.Experience with treatment of apnea in the intensive care nursery graduate. In: National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference of Infantile Apnea and Home Monitoring. 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Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.1986;B23\u2013B26."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"136A","article-title":"Body movements during quiet sleep (QS) in subsequent siblings of SIDS","volume":"30","author":"Hoppenbrouwers T","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7268406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","first-page":"240A","article-title":"Abnormal hypoxic arousal responses in subsequent siblings of SIDS victims","volume":"36","author":"Davidson Ward SL","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"807","article-title":"Arousal: The forgotten response to respiratory stimuli","volume":"118","author":"Phillipson EA","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.2.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","first-page":"201","article-title":"Cardiac decelerations in the term born and pretern infants","volume":"36","author":"Hoppenbrouwers T","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Prolonged Apnea. 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