{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:52:48Z","timestamp":1790297568587,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,5]],"date-time":"2005-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina are the major clinical manifestations of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections. Brain\u2010stem encephalitis and pulmonary edema are severe complications that can lead to death. This study was designed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of milrinone, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, in the treatment of patients with EV71\u2010induced pulmonary edema. We conducted a historically controlled trial of 24 children with severe EV71\u2010induced pulmonary edema from April 1998\u2013June 2003 in southern Taiwan. Patients were divided into groups treated before and after the introduction of milrinone therapy. Etiological diagnosis was established by viral cultures and confirmed by specific immunofluorescence and neutralization tests. All 24 patients were below 5 years of age. The mortality was lower in the milrinone\u2010treated vs. nontreated group (36.4% vs. 92.3%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005). Sympathetic tachycardia was decreased in patients treated with milrinone compared to controls (144\u2009\u00b1\u200917\/min vs. 206\u2009\u00b1\u200926\/min, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004). A marked decrease in IL\u201013 (77\u2009\u00b1\u20099 pg\/ml vs. 162\u2009\u00b1\u200988 pg\/ml, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) was observed in milrinone\u2010treated patients compared to controls. There was a significant reduction in white blood cell (10,838\u2009\u00b1\u20094,537\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> vs. 19,475\u2009\u00b1\u20097,798\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009) and platelet (257\u2009\u00b1\u200945\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> vs. 400\u2009\u00b1\u200987\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) counts in milrinone\u2010treated patients compared to controls. These results were associated with improvement in sympathetic regulation and decrease in IL\u201013 production. Milrinone therapy may provide a useful therapeutic approach for this highly lethal disorder. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 39:219\u2013223. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,6]],"date-time":"2005-01-06T00:17:09Z","timestamp":1104970629000},"page":"219-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Therapeutic efficacy of milrinone in the management of enterovirus 71\u2010induced pulmonary 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