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Infants at less than 30 weeks of gestation with RDS were enrolled consecutively in the study if they required mechanical ventilation, and were randomly allocated to receive HFOV or PSV\u2009+\u2009VG. Bronchial aspirate samples for the measurement of interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20108, and IL\u201010 were obtained before surfactant treatment (T1), after 6\u201318 hr of ventilation (T2), after 24\u201348 hr of ventilation (T3), and before extubation (T4). Thirteen patients were enrolled in the HFOV group, and 12 in the PSV\u2009+\u2009VG group. The mean values of IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20108, and IL\u201010 at T4 were lower in the HFOV group than in the PSV\u2009+\u2009VG group. The present study demonstrates that early treatment with HFOV is associated with a reduction of lung inflammation in comparison with PSV\u2009+\u2009VG in preterm infants with RDS. 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