{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1773813729663,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,21]],"date-time":"2008-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1206057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility of <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> among children younger than 5 years old and to assess antibiotics usage patterns in the outpatient department of Beijing Children's Hospital from 2000 to 2004.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 2000 to 2004, At least 100 strains of <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> were isolated from the pediatric patients who were younger than 5 years and who presented with symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infections during February to May in each of the study years. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined; and antibiotics usage was expressed as defined daily dose (DDD)\/100 patient days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall nasopharyngeal carriage rate of <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> is 26.3% (562\/2,137) in children younger than 5 years old with acute upper respiratory tract infection. The percentage of ampicillin\u2010resistant isolates ranges from 4.0% (4\/100) to 14.3% (17\/119) from 2000 to 2004. All the ampicillin\u2010resistant isolates are \u03b2\u2010lactamase producers. More than 80% of the isolates are susceptible to amoxicillin, cefaclor, and chloramphenicol; whereas, almost all (99\u2013100%) of the isolates are sensitive to amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, and cefuroxime. For antibiotics utilization, macrolides are the predominantly used antibiotics, followed by cephalosporins and penicillins among pediatric patients in the outpatient department during the study period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>All amoxicillin\u2010resistant isolates of <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> are producing \u03b2\u2010Lactamase; and the rates of amoxicillin\u2010resistant isolates are increasing over time. Amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid and cephalosporins are highly sensitive to <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> isolated from Chinese pediatric patients. Macrolides are the most used antibiotics in the outpatient department during the study period. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:457\u2013462. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,21]],"date-time":"2008-03-21T19:47:54Z","timestamp":1206128874000},"page":"457-462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Antimicrobial susceptibility of <i>Haemophilus influenzae<\/i> strains and antibiotics usage patterns in pediatric outpatients: Results from a children's hospital in China (2000\u20132004)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Aihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangjie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaihu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenshuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinghai","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuzhuang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(99)90037-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200308001-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199809001-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200204000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.2.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.07.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.1.4.283"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility test. 6th ed NCCLS Document M2\u2010A6. 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