{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T04:53:19Z","timestamp":1767847999664,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,2]],"date-time":"2009-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003677","name":"Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2005-1028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2005-1028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Active smoking is known to increase asthma symptoms and bronchial hyper\u2010responsiveness (BHR) while decreasing pulmonary function in adults, but few studies have addressed these issues in adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional survey involving questionnaires and assessment of urinary cotinine levels among 1,492 adolescents from three urban areas of South Korea. Current smoking was defined as having smoked more than 1 day in the prior 30 days or having urine cotinine levels \u2265100\u2009ng\/ml. Spirometry, skin tests, and methacholine challenge tests were performed on adolescents in Seoul (n\u2009=\u2009724).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of current smoking was 8.2% in boys and 2.4% in girls. Reports of wheeze and exercise\u2010induced wheeze in the previous 12 months were more frequent in smokers than nonsmokers (15.2% vs. 8.5%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024, and 20.4% vs. 10.7%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004, respectively). In multiple logistic regression analysis, current smoking was found to be a significant risk factor for having wheezed in previous 12 months (OR\u2009=\u20094.5, 95% CI 1.5\u201313.2) and having exercise\u2010induced wheezing in previous 12 months (OR\u2009=\u20098.7, 95% CI, 3.7\u201320.9). The subgroup analysis revealed that the FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC was lower in smokers than nonsmokers (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD, 105.1\u2009\u00b1\u20098.6% vs. 107.8\u2009\u00b1\u20097.8%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019). In contrast, there was no significant difference in BHR. The effect of smoking on asthma symptoms were more pronounced in non\u2010atopic compared with atopic adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current smoking was significantly associated with symptoms of asthma, such as having recent wheezing and recent exercise\u2010induced wheezing, especially for non\u2010atopics, in Korean adolescent population. Current smoking was further associated with lower pulmonary function, but not BHR. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:954\u2013961. \u00a92009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,2]],"date-time":"2009-09-02T21:08:56Z","timestamp":1251925736000},"page":"954-961","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Effect of active smoking on asthma symptoms, pulmonary function, and BHR in adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.B.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.W.","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.J.","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"1277","article-title":"State\u2010specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults: United States, 2002","volume":"52","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2004","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","unstructured":"UK Government. Living in Britain: Results from the 2002 General Household Survey Office for National Statistics.www.statistics.gov.uk\/lib2002. Date last updated: April 20 2004. Date last accessed: June 282004."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.3.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","unstructured":"Korean Association of Smoking and Health. Report of smoking prevalence survey for Korean middle and high school students in 2005. Available fromhttp:\/\/www.kash.or.kr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00039004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 2: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Bethesda MD: National Institution of Health; 1997. 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