{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:18:27Z","timestamp":1791814707532,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]],"date-time":"2012-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1353369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The forced oscillation technique (FOT) can be used in children as young as 2 years of age and in those unable to perform routine spirometry. There is limited information on changes in FOT outcomes in healthy children beyond the preschool years and the level of bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) in healthy children. We aimed to create reference ranges for respiratory impedance outcomes collated from multiple centers. Outcomes included respiratory system resistance (R<jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>) and reactance (X<jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>), resonant frequency (Fres), frequency dependence of R<jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub> (Fdep), and the area under the reactance curve (AX). We also aimed to define the physiological effects of bronchodilators in a large population of healthy children using the FOT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respiratory impedance was measured in 760 healthy children, aged 2\u201313 years, from Australia and Italy. Stepwise linear regression identified anthropometric predictors of transformed R<jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub> and X<jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub> at 6, 8, and 10\u2009Hz, Fres, Fdep, and AX. Bronchodilator response (BDR) was assessed in 508 children after 200\u2009\u00b5g of inhaled salbutamol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regression analysis showed that R<jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>, X<jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>, and AX outcomes were dependent on height and sex. The BDR cut\u2010offs by absolute change in R<jats:sub>rs8<\/jats:sub>, X<jats:sub>rs8<\/jats:sub>, and AX were \u22122.74\u2009hPa\u2009s\u2009L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, 1.93\u2009hPa\u2009s\u2009L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, and \u221233\u2009hPa\u2009s\u2009L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, respectively. These corresponded to relative and Z\u2010score changes of \u221232%; \u22121.85 for R<jats:sub>rs8<\/jats:sub>, 65%; 1.95 for X<jats:sub>rs8<\/jats:sub>, and \u221282%; \u22122.04 for AX.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have established generalizable reference ranges for respiratory impedance and defined cut\u2010offs for a positive bronchodilator response using the FOT in healthy children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:707\u2013715. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]],"date-time":"2012-11-20T16:02:51Z","timestamp":1353427371000},"page":"707-715","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Respiratory impedance and bronchodilator responsiveness in healthy children aged 2\u201313 years"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Calogero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon J.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Parri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"de Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Shackleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Verheggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Gavidia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merci M.H.","family":"Kusel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Sly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham L","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.067835"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2006.00682.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00058107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.026419"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00003407"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.6.494"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00023409"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2008.00734.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"433","article-title":"Comparison of forced oscillometry and forced expirations for measuring dose\u2010related responses to inhaled methacholine in asthmatic children","volume":"22","author":"Duiverman EJ","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.92.2.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"The study of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic children by forced oscillation technique","volume":"9","author":"Wang JY","year":"1991","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2848"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20805"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.1627"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.071290"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pupt.2001.0310"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Respiratory resistance by impulse oscillometry in healthy Iranian children aged 5\u201319 years","volume":"7","author":"Amra B","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.3.1266"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20926"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21292"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200903-0323OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","article-title":"Pulmonary diffusing capacity in healthy caucasian children","author":"Kim YJ","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00125009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00135909"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08030483"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00089403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200605-642ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09010132"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-097X.2002.00396.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2011.54.2.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.6.1415"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.3.1050","article-title":"Relationship between lung volume and tracheal area as assessed by acoustic reflection","volume":"64","author":"Brooks LJ","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.5.2274"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10168"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12020438"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.4.2006119"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00025310"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.6_Pt_1.1372"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(85)90783-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.01970.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.5.1322"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fppul.22699","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ppul.22699","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T02:27:28Z","timestamp":1697596048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ppul.22699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ppul.22699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.22699","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["8755-6863","1099-0496"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8755-6863","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0496","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]]}}}