{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T19:41:21Z","timestamp":1766086881496},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The chest X\u2010ray (CXR) abnormalities of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2010infected children in low\/middle income countries (LMIC's) have not been well studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the CXR abnormalities and associated clinical\/immunological features in HIV\u2010infected South African children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective study of HIV\u2010infected children who underwent baseline chest radiography and clinical and immunological HIV\u2010staging. CXR abnormalities were stratified as grade 1 (mild) or grade 2 (moderate\/severe). Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses assessed associations between radiological severity and clinical\/immunological parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three hundred thirty children (53% male), median age 23.8 months, were included; 303 (92%) had moderate\/severe clinical disease and 225 (68%) moderate\/severe immune suppression; 52 (16%) had a normal CXR; 169 (51%) had grade 2 CXR abnormalities, manifesting as: confluent opacification (n\u2009=\u200991, 28%), nodules (n\u2009=\u200937, 11%), or nodules with opacification (n\u2009=\u200941, 12%) Grade 2 abnormality was associated with more advanced clinical HIV disease (OR: 6.9; 95% CI: 1.9\u201325.6), CD4+ less than 20% (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.0\u20133.0) and age over 24 months (OR: 4.1; 95% CI: 2.1\u20138.0).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>CXR abnormalities are common in HIV\u2010infected children in LMIC's. The extent of radiological abnormality correlates with age and clinical and immunological severity of HIV\u2010disease. <jats:bold>Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:581\u2013588.<\/jats:bold> \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T22:17:21Z","timestamp":1377209841000},"page":"581-588","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Clinical and immunological correlates of chest X\u2010ray abnormalities in HIV\u2010infected South African children with limited access to anti\u2010retroviral therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Pitcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiodiagnosis, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Lombard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit Medical Research Council, South Africa Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark F.","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Beningfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiology New Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather J.","family":"Zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200301000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/146532807X245625"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.053223"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20676"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"208","article-title":"Community\u2010acquired pneumonia in HIV\u2010infected children: a global perspective","volume":"16","author":"Gray DM","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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