{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:17:40Z","timestamp":1773296260103,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,10]],"date-time":"2013-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"none reported"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aerosolized liposomal Amphotericin B may reduce the incidence of invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis in adults with chemotherapy\u2010induced prolonged neutropenia with less nephrotoxicity. The breath\u2010actuated AeroEclipse\u00ae BAN nebulizer is very efficient and minimizes environmental drug contamination since no aerosol is produced, unless the patient is inspiring through the device. Our aim is to develop an appropriate delivery system suitable for children that does not disrupt the liposomes due to the shear forces in nebulization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is an in vitro experimental study in vitro. Six ml of 4\u2009mg\/ml liposomal Amphotericin B solution (AmBisome\u00ae; Astellas Pharma Inc., Markham, Ontario, CA) was nebulized with the breath\u2010actuated nebulizer (AeroEclipse\u00ae; Trudell Medical International, Canada) and captured by the glass liquid impinger. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was used as detergent to disrupt the liposomes in control samples. Gel filtration, electron microscopy, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to compare the size and shape of the liposomes, and amount of the drug before and after nebulization. The aerosol particle size was obtained by the laser diffraction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After nebulization, 97.5% of amphotericin B was captured by the liquid impinger and detected by HPLC. Gel filtration and electron microscopy demonstrated that the drug remained in its liposomal configuration after nebulization. The mass median diameter (MMD) was 3.7\u2009\u03bcm and 66% of aerosol particles were less than 5\u2009\u03bcm in diameter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrated that liposomal Amphotericin B can be nebulized successfully without disrupting the liposomes and minimize drug loss by using the breath\u2010actuated nebulizer. <jats:bold>Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:574\u2013580.<\/jats:bold> \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,10]],"date-time":"2013-07-10T12:01:35Z","timestamp":1373457695000},"page":"574-580","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Aerosolized liposomal Amphotericin B: A potential prophylaxis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Harutai","family":"Kamalaporn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kitty","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Nagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trudell Medical International London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saranya","family":"Kittanakom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Toronto Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Battista","family":"Calvieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Microscopy Imaging Laboratory University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reinhart A.F.","family":"Reithmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Toronto Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allan L.","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Experimental Medicine The Hospital for Sick Children\u2010Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"3654","article-title":"Aerosolized amphotericin B inhalations as prophylaxis of invasive aspergillus infections during prolonged neutropenia: results of a prospective randomized multicenter trial","volume":"93","author":"Schwartz S","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/34.6.1001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00315-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.7.3028-3030.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.1.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.57.10.0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.5.1852-1854.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357001774417"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03091909209021962"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/js9604218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08081263"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-2498(01)00364-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"RuffiniE BaldiS LibertucciD SolidoroP Di MarzioP CavalloA MancusoM. Aerosolized liposomal amphotericin B: a novel and effective treatment for Aspergillus infections in lung transplant recipients. Proceedings of the 42nd ICAAC (Interscience Conferrence on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy) Meeting San Diego CA. Sept 2002; Abstract#M\u20101237."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"MonforteV RomanA GavaldaJ et al. Pharmacokinetic and efficacy of nebulized AmBisome in lung transplantation. Proceedings of the 44th ICAAC (Interscience Conferrence on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy) Meeting Washington DC. 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