{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:06:41Z","timestamp":1791320801491,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,31]],"date-time":"2014-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The oral route has been considered superior to the nasal route for aerosol delivery to the lower respiratory tract (LRT) in adults and children. However, there are no data comparing aerosol delivery via the oral and nasal routes in infants. The aim of this study was to compare nasal and oral delivery of aerosol in anatomically correct replicas of infants' faces containing both nasal and oral upper airways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three CT\u2010derived upper respiratory tract (\u201cURT\u201d) replicas representing infants\/toddlers aged 5, 14 and 20 months were studied and aerosol delivery to the \u201clower respiratory tract\u201d (LRT) by either the oral or nasal route for each of the replicas was measured at the \u201ctracheal\u201d opening. A radio\u2010labeled (99mDTPA) normal saline solution aerosol was generated by a soft\u2010mist inhaler (SMIRespimat\u00ae Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) and aerosol was delivered via a valved holding chamber (Respichamber\u00ae TMI, London, Canada) and an air\u2010tight mask (Unomedical, Inc., McAllen, TX). A breath simulator was connected to the replicas and an absolute filter at the \u201ctracheal\u201d opening captured the aerosol representing \u201cLRT\u201d dose. Age\u2010appropriate mask dimensions and breathing patterns were employed for each of the airway replicas. Two different tidal volumes (V<jats:sub>t<\/jats:sub>) were used for comparing the nasal versus oral routes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nasal delivery to the LRT exceeded that of oral delivery in the 5\u2010 and 14\u2010month models and was equivalent in the 20\u2010month model. Differences between nasal and oral delivery diminished with \u201cage\u201d\/size. Similar findings were observed with lower and higher tidal volumes (V<jats:sub>t<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nasal breathing for aerosol delivery to the \u201cLRT\u201d is similar to, or more efficient than, mouth breathing in infant\/toddler models, contrary to what is observed in older children and adults. <jats:bold>Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:276\u2013283.<\/jats:bold> \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,31]],"date-time":"2014-01-31T10:52:13Z","timestamp":1391165533000},"page":"276-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Nasal versus oral aerosol delivery to the \u201clungs\u201d in infants and toddlers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6917-5285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Amirav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada"},{"name":"University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh A. 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