{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:27:50Z","timestamp":1790803670240,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,25]],"date-time":"2015-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2011-0024036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2011-0024036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 2007-0056092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2007-0056092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Humidifier disinfectant\u2010associated children's interstitial lung disease has an unpredictable clinical course with a high morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the differences in clinical findings between survivors and non\u2010survivors of humidifier disinfectant\u2010associated children's interstitial lung disease. To evaluate dynamic changes in serum cytokines related to inflammation and fibrosis in lung injury, and to determine whether these changes are predictive of survival in this disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated 17 children with humidifier disinfectant\u2010associated children's interstitial lung disease, from whom serum samples were obtained weekly during hospitalization. The severity of chest tomographic and lung pathologic findings was scored. Levels of several cytokines were measured in the serial serum samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven of the 17 children were survivors. Compared to survivors, non\u2010survivors had greater ground\u2010glass attenuation on follow\u2010up chest tomography, higher admission neutrophil counts, and more macrophages on pathologic findings. Transforming growth factor\u2010beta 1 persisted at an elevated level (1,000\u20131,500\u2009pg\/ml) in survivors, whereas it decreased abruptly in non\u2010survivors. At the time of this decrease, non\u2010survivors had clinical worsening of their respiratory failure. Transforming growth factor\u2010beta 1 was positively correlated with PaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (r\u2009=\u20090.481, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010survivors exhibited more inflammatory clinical findings than survivors. Transforming growth factor\u2010beta 1 remained elevated in survivors, suggesting that it affected the clinical course of humidifier disinfectant\u2010associated children's interstitial lung disease. The prognosis of this lung disease may depend more on controlling excessive inflammation and repairing damaged lung than on fibrosis, and transforming growth factor\u2010beta 1 may play a key role in this process. <jats:bold>Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:173\u2013182.<\/jats:bold> \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,25]],"date-time":"2015-06-25T14:15:12Z","timestamp":1435241712000},"page":"173-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Transforming growth factor\u2010beta 1 in humidifier disinfectant\u2010associated children's interstitial lung disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Yoon Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea 120\u2010752"},{"name":"Institute of Allergy Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea 120\u2010752"},{"name":"Brain Korea 21 PLUS project for Medical Science Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea 120\u2010752"},{"name":"Institute of Allergy Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea 120\u2010752"},{"name":"Brain Korea 21 PLUS project for Medical Science Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea 120\u2010752"},{"name":"Institute of Allergy Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea 120\u2010752"},{"name":"Brain Korea 21 PLUS project for Medical Science Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi\u2010Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Kyum","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo Sup","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung\u2010Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung Hyun","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea 120\u2010752"},{"name":"Institute of Allergy Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea 120\u2010752"},{"name":"Brain Korea 21 PLUS project for Medical Science Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul South 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