{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:26:09Z","timestamp":1792099569581,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]],"date-time":"2015-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 AI73729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 AI73729"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000867","name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24 AI073957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24 AI073957"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of beta\u2010lactam monotherapy and beta\u2010 lactam\/macrolide combination therapy in the outpatient management of children with community\u2010acquired pneumonia (CAP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included children, ages 1\u201318 years, with CAP diagnosed between January 1, 2008 and January 31, 2010 during outpatient management in the Geisinger Health System. The primary exposure was receipt of beta\u2010lactam monotherapy or beta\u2010lactam\/macrolide combination therapy. The primary outcome was treatment failure, defined as a follow\u2010up visit within 14 days of diagnosis resulting in a change in antibiotic therapy. Logistic regression within a propensity score\u2010 restricted cohort was used to estimate the likelihood of treatment failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 717 children in the analytical cohort, 570 (79.4%) received beta\u2010lactam monotherapy and 147 (20.1%) received combination therapy. Of those who received combination therapy 58.2% of children were under 6 years of age. Treatment failure occurred in 55 (7.7%) children, including in 8.1% of monotherapy recipients, and 6.1% of combination therapy recipients. Treatment failure rates were highest in children 6\u201318 years receiving monotherapy (12.9%) and lowest in children 6\u201318 years receiving combination therapy (4.0%). Children 6\u201318 years of age who received combination therapy were less likely to fail treatment than those who received beta\u2010lactam monotherapy (propensity\u2010adjusted odds ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.28, 0.95).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children 6\u201318 years of age who received beta\u2010 lactam\/macrolide combination therapy for CAP in the outpatient setting had lower odds of treatment failure compared with those who received beta\u2010lactam monotherapy. <jats:bold>Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:541\u2013548<\/jats:bold>. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]],"date-time":"2015-09-14T14:43:02Z","timestamp":1442241782000},"page":"541-548","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Beta\u2010lactam versus beta\u2010 lactam\/macrolide therapy in pediatric outpatient pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Lilliam","family":"Ambroggio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hospital Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"},{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Test","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hospital Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua P.","family":"Metlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas 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