{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:23:13Z","timestamp":1780496593055,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]],"date-time":"2016-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"none reported"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Accidental hydrocarbon ingestion may lead to aspiration and chemical pneumonitis in children. In this review article, the clinical course of hydrocarbon pneumonitis, chest radiographic abnormalities, complications, and treatment interventions are summarized. Most children remain asymptomatic and without complications following ingestion of a hydrocarbon. In approximately 15% of ingestions, aspiration pneumonitis occurs and evolves over the first 6\u20138\u2009hr presenting with fever, tachypnea, hypoxemia, and tachycardia. A symptom zenith is reached within 48\u2009hr followed by progressive improvement. Up to 5% of pneumonitis cases progress rapidly to acute respiratory failure. Chest radiographic abnormalities develop by 4\u20138\u2009hr after ingestion, but they are not always predictive of clinical pneumonitis. Patients with history of hydrocarbon ingestion should be monitored for 6\u20138\u2009hr in the emergency department and a chest radiogram should be obtained at the end of the observation period. Spontaneous or induced emesis and gastric lavage have been related to aspiration pneumonitis. Children who are symptomatic are admitted to the hospital for cardiorespiratory status monitoring and supportive care. Approximately 90% of hospitalized patients have a benign clinical course. Increased work of breathing with or without altered sensorium and seizures are indications for admission to the intensive care unit. Hypoxemia unresponsive to supplemental oxygen and\/or severe central nervous system involvement require mechanical ventilation. Corticosteroids do not seem to offer any benefit and antibiotics are administered in cases of bacterial superinfection. Pneumatoceles may become evident after the first 6\u201310 days of symptoms on follow\u2010up chest radiograms and they resolve up to 6 months later. <jats:bold>Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:560\u2013569<\/jats:bold>. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]],"date-time":"2016-02-25T04:36:29Z","timestamp":1456374989000},"page":"560-569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Respiratory complications following hydrocarbon aspiration in children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Evanthia A.","family":"Makrygianni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Pulmonology Unit First Department of Pediatrics University of Athens School of Medicine and Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fani","family":"Palamidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Pulmonology Unit First Department of Pediatrics University of Athens School of Medicine and Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios G.","family":"Kaditis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Pulmonology Unit First Department of Pediatrics University of Athens School of Medicine and Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.923904"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.863906"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3913"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.839028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(72)80315-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701801218"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"An evaluation of cases of pneumonia that occurred secondary to hydrocarbon exposure in children","volume":"17","author":"Sen V","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(88)80558-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1580\/1080-6032(2003)014[0078:HPICAY]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1981.03320080026021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"715","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in children with hydrocarbon poisoning receiving intensive care","volume":"43","author":"Jayashree M","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-1124(76)80307-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.125.3.531"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659609013804"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.62.5.789","article-title":"Pulmonary function abnormalities in asymptomatic children after hydrocarbon pneumonitis","volume":"62","author":"Gurwitz D","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"835","article-title":"Kerosene poisoning in childhood: a 6\u2010year prospective study at the Princess Rahmat Teaching Hospital","volume":"26","author":"Shotar AM","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3229"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-004-0304-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-198709000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.106.1.300"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340100862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650601072241"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050375"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"880","article-title":"Near fatal ingestion of household lamp oil\u2014Ohio, August 1997","volume":"47","year":"1998","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198604000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"535","article-title":"Pneumatoceles as a complication of paraffin pneumonia","volume":"72","author":"Stones DK","year":"1987","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1975.02120380031008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"875","article-title":"Pneumatocele formation following hydrocarbon pneumonitis. 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