{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:38:10Z","timestamp":1790095090597,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,18]],"date-time":"2016-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Malaysian Ministry of Health"},{"name":"Asia Pacific Society of Respirology (APSR) Fellowship"},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Practitioner Fellowship","award":["1058213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1058213"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Flexible bronchoscopy (FB) is the current gold standard for diagnosing tracheobronchomalacia. However, it is not always feasible and virtual bronchoscopy (VB), acquired from chest multi\u2010detector CT (MDCT) scan is an alternative diagnostic tool. We determined the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of VB compared to FB in diagnosing tracheobronchomalacia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children aged &lt;18\u2010years scheduled for FB and MDCT were recruited. FB and MDCT were undertaken within 30\u2010min to 7\u2010days of each other. Tracheobronchomalacia (mild, moderate, severe, very severe) diagnosed on FB were independently scored by two pediatric pulmonologists; VB was independently scored by two pairs (each pair\u2009=\u2009pediatric pulmonologist and radiologist), in a blinded manner.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 53 children (median age\u2009=\u20092.5 years, range 0.8\u201314.3) evaluated for airway abnormalities, tracheomalacia was detected in 37 (70%) children at FB. Of these, VB detected tracheomalacia in 20 children, with a sensitivity of 54.1% (95%CI 37.1\u201370.2), specificity\u2009=\u200987.5% (95%CI 60.4\u201397.8), and positive predictive value\u2009=\u200990.9% (95%CI 69.4\u201398.4). The agreement between pediatric pulmonologists for diagnosing tracheomalacia by FB was excellent, weighted \u03ba\u2009=\u20090.8 (95%CI 0.64\u20130.97); but only fair between the pairs of pediatric pulmonologists\/radiologists for VB, weighted \u03ba\u2009=\u20090.47 (95%CI 0.23\u20130.71). There were 42 cases of bronchomalacia detected on FB. VB had a sensitivity\u2009=\u200945.2% (95%CI 30.2\u201361.2), specificity\u2009=\u200995.5% (95%CI 94.2\u201396.5), and positive predictive value\u2009=\u200923.2 (95%CI 14.9\u201334.0) compared to FB in detecting bronchomalacia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      VB cannot replace FB as the gold standard for detecting tracheobronchomalacia in children. However, VB could be considered as an alternative diagnostic modality in children with symptoms suggestive of tracheobronchomalacia where FB is unavailable.\n                      <jats:bold>Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:480\u2013486.<\/jats:bold>\n                      \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,18]],"date-time":"2016-09-18T20:28:51Z","timestamp":1474230531000},"page":"480-486","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["A comparison of virtual bronchoscopy versus flexible bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of tracheobronchomalacia in children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Siew Choo","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Children's Respiratory Centre and Children's Centre Health Research Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Respiratory Unit Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah Jalan Langat Klang 41200 Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian Brent","family":"Masters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Children's Respiratory Centre and Children's Centre Health Research Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Buntain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Children's Respiratory Centre and Children's Centre Health Research Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran","family":"Frawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine Lady Cilento Children's Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anubhav","family":"Sarikwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine Lady Cilento Children's Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine Lady Cilento Children's Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia Lady Cilento Children's Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Wuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia Lady Cilento Children's Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Bernadette","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Children's Respiratory Centre and Children's Centre Health Research Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research Charles Darwin University Darwin Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.3.984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.09.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.5.3391"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10156"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2002.00045.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-3359(03)00036-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21517"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.171.6.9843316"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2513081280"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.2.704"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2011.110292"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2005.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0230-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.4.1741009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20681"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.034421"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20478"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","volume-title":"Relation between several variables. 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