{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:19:23Z","timestamp":1785763163557,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fisher and Paykel Healthcare"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Objective: To compare CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> washout time at different levels of HFNC versus NCPAP in a premature infant lung model with simulated mouth\u2010closed and mouth\u2010open conditions using two sizes of nasal cannula and full\u2010 and half\u2010prong HFNC insertion depths. Design\/Methods: A piston\u2010cylinder lung simulator, having a fixed volume of 30\u2009ml and a 4.8\u2009ml dead space, simulated spontaneous breathing (6.5\u2009ml tidal volume, 50\u2009br\/min, Ti\u2009=\u20090.5\u2009sec). Two Fisher &amp; Paykel\u2122 cannulas (Fisher &amp; Paykel Healthcare Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand) (2.8 and 3.2\u2009mm O.D.) and two Infant\u2010Flow\u2122 (CareFusion, Yorba Linda, CA) NCPAP cannulas (3.4 and 4.1\u2009mm O.D.) were applied to simulated airways having either 3.5 or 4.5\u2009mm I.D. nares. Simulated mouth opening was a 5\u2009mm I.D. side tap below the nasal interface. The lung was primed with 5% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Washout times were determined at HFNC settings of 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8\u2009L\/min and NCPAP at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8\u2009cm H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O with simulated open and closed\u2010mouth conditions and full\u2010 and half\u2010inserted HFNC prongs. Results: Overall combined mean washout times for NCPAP with mouth\u2010closed were significantly longer than HFNC over all five pressure and flow device settings by 16.2% (<jats:italic>P\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.001). CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> washout times decreased as flow or pressure device settings were increased. There were negligible differences in washout times between NCPAP and HFNC with mouth\u2010open. Mouth\u2010open washout times were significantly less than mouth\u2010closed for all conditions. Overall closed\u2010mouth washout times for HFNC half\u2010prong insertion were longer than for full\u2010prong insertion by 5.3% (<jats:italic>P\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.022). Conclusions: Significantly improved CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> elimination using HFNC versus NCPAP should be a particularly important consideration in premature infants having very high dead space\u2010to\u2010tidal volume ratio compared to larger infants. <jats:bold>Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:792\u2013798.<\/jats:bold> \u00a9 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T16:04:51Z","timestamp":1486397091000},"page":"792-798","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Carbon dioxide washout during high flow nasal cannula versus nasal CPAP support: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Emidio M.","family":"Sivieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Newborn Pediatrics Pennsylvania Hospital Philadelphia Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth E.","family":"Foglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Newborn Pediatrics Pennsylvania Hospital Philadelphia Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia 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