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Two independent reviewers screened the literature and extracted relevant data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found 526 references, and 39 studies (2390 children under 18 years old) were included. Airway inflammation (eosinophilic\/neutrophilic) and remodeling were not present in wheezers at a mean age of 12 months, but in older pre\u2010school children (mean 2.5 years), remodeling (mainly increased reticular basement membrane [RBM] thickness and increased area of airway smooth muscle) and also airway eosinophilia was reported. This was worse in school\u2010age children. RBM thickness was similar in atopic and non\u2010atopic preschool wheezers. Airway remodeling was correlated with lung function in seven studies, with FeNO in three, and with HRCT\u2010scan in one. Eosinophilic inflammation was not seen in patients without remodeling. There were no invasive longitudinal or intervention studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between inflammation and remodeling in children cannot be determined. Failure to demonstrate eosinophilic inflammation in the absence of remodeling is contrary to the hypothesis that inflammation causes these changes. We need reliable, non\u2010invasive markers of remodeling in particular if this is to be addressed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]],"date-time":"2018-02-23T19:36:55Z","timestamp":1519414615000},"page":"824-835","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["The relationship between inflammation and remodeling in childhood asthma: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0708-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Castro\u2010Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics School of Medicine Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sejal","family":"Saglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK"},{"name":"Respiratory 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