{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:21:46Z","timestamp":1790108506455,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]],"date-time":"2018-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"National Center for Research Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study tested the hypothesis that longer duration of any type of respiratory support is associated with an increased rate of death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 18\u201022 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cohort study using the Generic Database of NICHD Neonatal Research Network from 2006 to 2010. Infants were born at &lt;27 weeks gestational age with birth weights of 401\u20101000\u2009g. Respiratory support received during initial hospitalization from birth was characterized as follows: no support, only invasive support, only non\u2010invasive support or mixed invasive, and non\u2010invasive support. The primary outcome was death after 24\u2009h of life or NDI at 18\u201022 months corrected age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a cohort of 3651 infants, 1494 (40.9%) died or had NDI. Cumulative respiratory support of any type beyond 60 days was associated with the likelihood of death or NDI. Infants who only received invasive support had the highest rate (89.1%), followed by those received mixed support (26.1%). Infants who received only non\u2010invasive support had the lowest rate (7.7%). When compared to the only non\u2010invasive support group, both invasive [OR 62.7 (95%CI 25.7, 152.6)] and mixed [OR 6.1 (95%CI 2.6, 14.4)] support groups were significantly more likely to die or have NDI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prolonged respiratory support, whether invasive or non\u2010invasive, is associated with increased odds of a poor outcome. The proportion of infants with a poor outcome increased in a dose dependent manner by two factors: the cumulative duration of respiratory support beyond 60 days, and the extent to which invasive support is provided.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]],"date-time":"2018-07-31T05:44:24Z","timestamp":1533015864000},"page":"1447-1455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Prolonged respiratory support of any type impacts outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0843-8448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huayan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Dysart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology Department of Pediatrics Philadelphia Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas E.","family":"Kendrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International Research Triangle Park North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International Research Triangle Park North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhik","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International Rockville Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan R.","family":"Hintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Palo Alto California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty R.","family":"Vohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Women and Infants\u2019 Hospital Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara J.","family":"Stoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary D.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<i>Eunice Kennedy Shriver<\/i> National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National 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