{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T05:14:11Z","timestamp":1771046051419,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT: 615700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT: 615700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most respiratory bacterial carriage studies in children are based on cross\u2010sectional samples or longitudinal studies with infrequent sampling points. The prospective Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases birth cohort study intensively evaluated the community\u2010based epidemiology of respiratory viruses and bacteria during the first 2\u2010years of life. Here we report the bacteriologic findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant women in Brisbane, Australia were recruited between September 2010 and October 2012, and their healthy newborn children were followed for the first 2\u2010years of life. Parents kept a daily symptom diary for the study child, collected a weekly anterior nose swab and completed an illness burden diary when their child met pre\u2010defined illness criteria. Specimens were tested for respiratory bacteria by real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and those containing human genomic DNA, deemed as high\u2010quality, were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Altogether 8100 high\u2010quality nasal swab specimens from 158 enrolled children were analyzed. <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> were detected in 42.4%, 38.9%, and 14.8% of these samples, respectively. Concomitant detection of bacteria was common. In contrast, <jats:italic>Bordetella pertussis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>B. parapertussis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Simkania negevensis<\/jats:italic> were rarely identified. The prevalence of the three major bacteria was higher with increasing age and in the winter and spring months. Siblings and childcare attendance were the other risk factors identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We confirmed the feasibility of frequent nasal swabbing by parents for studying bacterial colonization. PCR detected the major respiratory tract bacteria with expected high frequencies, but atypical bacteria were found rarely in this cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T19:17:43Z","timestamp":1546629463000},"page":"289-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Nasal swab bacteriology by PCR during the first 24\u2010months of life: A prospective birth cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8071-8896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arto A.","family":"Palmu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Welfare Department of Public Health Solutions Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert 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