{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:15:17Z","timestamp":1790266517705,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Marie Curie People"},{"name":"NRF South Africa"},{"name":"MRC South Africa"},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["RO1 HD058971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 HD058971"]}]},{"name":"Charit\u00e9-Universi\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health","award":["BIH-Charit\u00e9 Clinician Scientist Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIH-Charit\u00e9 Clinician Scientist Program"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chest ultrasound is increasingly used to radiologically diagnose childhood pneumonia, but there are limited data on its use for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compare chest ultrasound with a chest X\u2010ray (CXR) findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children (up to 13 years) with suspected PTB were enrolled. Bedside chest ultrasound findings were compared to CXR. The analysis was stratified by PTB category: confirmed PTB (microbiologically confirmed), unconfirmed PTB (clinical diagnosis with negative microbiological tests), or unlikely PTB (other respiratory diseases with improvement without tuberculosis treatment).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred fifty\u2010nine children were enrolled (57% boys, median age 26.6 months [interquartile range 15.1\u201059.3]). Ultrasound detected abnormalities in 72% (n\u2009=\u2009114), CXR in 56% (n\u2009=\u200989), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001. Pleural effusion was detected on ultrasound in 15% (n\u2009=\u200924) compared 9% (n\u2009=\u200914) on CXR, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.004, more in confirmed PTB (33%, n\u2009=\u200912 vs 8%, n\u2009=\u20094 unlikely PTB, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.013). Ultrasound detected enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes more commonly (22%, n\u2009=\u200925) than CXR (6%, n\u2009=\u200910, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.001); the size of lymph nodes in the unlikely category (1.0\u2009cm) was smaller than the other two PTB categories (1.4 and 1.5\u2009cm, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.001). Inter\u2010reader agreement (kappa Cohen) was higher for ultrasound than CXR for several findings (consolidation 0.67 vs 0.47, pleural effusion 0.86 vs 0.56, enlarged lymph nodes 0.56 vs 0.27).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ultrasound detected abnormalities more frequently than CXR with the higher inter\u2010reader agreement; ultrasound abnormalities were most common in children with confirmed PTB. Ultrasound is a promising modality for detecting abnormalities in PTB. Further studies should evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound against a gold standard.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T05:20:24Z","timestamp":1567401624000},"page":"1914-1920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Chest ultrasound compared to chest X\u2010ray for pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-4849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte C.","family":"Heuvelings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"B\u00e9lard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Immunology Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savvas","family":"Andronikou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology Children's Hospital Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Lederman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging Escola Paulista de Medicina UNIFESP S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department is Imaging Diagnostic Center UNIFESP S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halvani","family":"Moodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Paediatric Radiology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin P.","family":"Grobusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather J.","family":"Zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2_1","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2018","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_3_1","unstructured":"Information about Tuberculosis; TB in Children \u2013 Getting diagnosing & preventing TB. 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