{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:48:10Z","timestamp":1784126890912,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To quantify aerosol delivery with or without a high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in place using pressurized metered\u2010dose inhaler (pMDI) and jet nebulizer (JN) with facemask in a simulated spontaneously breathing pediatric lung model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An upper airway model of a 9\u2010month\u2010old infant (Sophia Anatomical Infant Nose\u2010Throat) with an absolute filter distal to the trachea was connected to a breathing simulator to simulate pediatric parameters (tidal volume = 100 mL, respiratory rate = 30 breaths\/min, and I:E ratio = 1:1.4). Oxygen at 3 L\/min was administered through an infant HFNC (Fisher &amp; Paykel Healthcare Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand) attached to the nares of the model. Albuterol sulfate (2.5 mg\/3 mL) was delivered with JN attached to an aerosol facemask and powered by air at 8 L\/min. Ventolin Hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) (360 \u03bcg) was administered using pMDI connected to a valved holding chamber (VHC) with a facemask. Aerosol was administered to the model with and without HFNC in the nares (n = 3). Drug was eluted from the filter and quantified using spectrophotometry. Independent <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> tests were performed for data analysis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aerosol deposition was greater without HFNC (6.05% \u00b1 1.53% and 39.54% \u00b1 8.98% for JN and pMDI\/VHC, respectively) than with HFNC using JN (2.91% \u00b1 0.23%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .024) and pMDI\/VHC (6.04% \u00b1 0.28%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .003). Delivery efficiency of pMDI\/VHC was greater than JN with or without nasal cannula in place (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .0001 and .003, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aerosol administered via facemask over HFNC was less efficient than removing HFNC during administration. When delivering medical aerosol by facemask, the benefit of increased aerosol delivery must be weighed against the changes in oxygen delivery and risk of lung derecruitment when nasal prongs are removed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,30]],"date-time":"2019-08-30T06:15:16Z","timestamp":1567145716000},"page":"1968-1973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["In vitro evaluation of aerosol drug delivery with and without high flow nasal cannula in children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6594-4107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmood A.","family":"Alalwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy Inaya Medical College  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Care Texas State University  Round Rock Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3126-8144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arzu","family":"Ari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Care Texas State University  Round Rock Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_1_2_1","first-page":"1323","article-title":"The role of the MDI and DPI in pediatric patients: \"children are not just miniature adults\"","volume":"50","author":"Ahrens RC","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir 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