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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been shown to affect respiratory function in a sex\u2010dependent manner; however, the effect of IUGR on diaphragm function is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used a maternal hypoxia\u2010induced mouse model of IUGR to investigate the impact of IUGR on diaphragm function and structure in male and female adult offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant BALB\/c mice were housed under hypoxic conditions (10.5% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) from gestational days 11 to 17.5 and then returned to normoxic conditions. Control mice were housed under normoxic conditions throughout pregnancy. At 8 weeks of age, offspring were euthanized and diaphragms isolated for functional assessment in organ bath experiments and for histological analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>IUGR offspring were lighter at birth and remained lighter at 8 weeks of age compared to Controls. While diaphragm force (maximal or twitch) was not affected by treatment or sex, the IUGR group exhibited a longer half\u2010relaxation time after twitch contractions compared to Control. Female offspring had a lower maximum rate of force development and higher fatigue resistance compared to males, independent of IUGR. There was no difference in the diaphragm myofibre cross\u2010sectional area between groups or sexes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sex and IUGR independently affect diaphragm contraction in adult mice without changes in structure. This study demonstrates that IUGR affects diaphragm contractile function in later life and could impair respiratory function if exacerbated under conditions of increased respiratory load.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T05:04:36Z","timestamp":1568869476000},"page":"229-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Intrauterine growth restriction affects diaphragm function in adult female and male mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Maddison R.","family":"Francis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4400-0817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin J.","family":"Pinniger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8604-5909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberley C. 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