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This results in elevated pulmonary venous pressure and pulmonary edema, pulmonary hypertension, potentially cardiac failure, and death. Clinical signs of the disease include failure to thrive, increasingly severe dyspnea, hemoptysis, respiratory difficulty, recurrent respiratory tract infections\/pneumonia, cyanosis, and subcostal retractions. On chest radiograph, the most frequent finding is increased interstitial, ground\u2010glass and\/or reticular opacity. Transthoracic echocardiography with pulsed Doppler delineates the stenosis, magnetic resonance imaging and multislice computerized tomography are used for further evaluation. Interventional cardiac catherization, surgical techniques, and medical therapies have been used with varying success as treatment options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]],"date-time":"2020-06-07T17:20:40Z","timestamp":1591550440000},"page":"649-655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The many faces and outcomes of pulmonary vein stenosis in early childhood"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8401-3535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilman","family":"Humpl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Intensive Care University Children's Hospital Berne  Inselspital Berne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Fineman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Pediatric Critical Care University of California  San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athar M.","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lillie Frank Abercrombie Section of Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2350\/15-07-1670-OA.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0075"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(88)90568-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(84)80447-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"1431","volume-title":"The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology","author":"Ward KE","year":"1998"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"880","article-title":"Development of the pulmonary veins; with reference to the embryology of anomalies of pulmonary venous return","volume":"18","author":"Neill CA","year":"1956","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Congenital stenosis of pulmonary veins. 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