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The best characterized example amongst post\u2010viral wheezing phenotypes is the disorder that follows respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and leads to intermittent, long\u2010term wheezing. The underlying mechanisms of the airway reactivity related to RSV infection have been extensively studies and are associated with dysregulation of the nonadrenergic\u2010noncholinergic (NANC) system, via upregulation of neurotransmitters, typically Substance P. Neuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI), while a less common entity, is a disorder characterized by more severe and long\u2010term obstructive airway disease. NEHI is pathophysiologically characterized by abundance of neuroendocrine cells in the airways containing the neuroimmune mediator bombesin, the release of which is presumed to be the driver of the persistent small airway obstruction and functional air\u2010trapping. Here we review the NANC and neuroendocrine cells, the neurotransmitter systems and their studied roles in pulmonary diseases with a focus on their role in lung development, and subsequent various pediatric lung diseases. We focus on the juxtaposition of the separate neuroimmune mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of post\u2010RSV recurrent wheezing and NEHI's persistent small airway obstruction. We finally propose a unifying concept of neuropeptides in obstructive disorders that may encompass these two entities and possibly others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T04:39:16Z","timestamp":1612327156000},"page":"1297-1306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Upregulation of neuropeptides and obstructive airway disorder in infancy: A review with focus on post\u2010RSV wheezing and NEHI"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital and Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Jackson Memorial Hospital and Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Bedoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Jackson Memorial Hospital and Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2693-2733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Colin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Jackson Memorial Hospital and Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7248-9042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni A.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Allergy Disease Unit, Department of Pediatrics G. 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