{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T15:33:37Z","timestamp":1778168017103,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Persistent air leak (PAL) complicates various lung pathologies in children. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of children hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with PAL are not well described. We aimed to elucidate the course of disease among PICU hospitalized children with PAL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective cohort study of all PICU\u2010admitted children aged 0\u201318 years diagnosed with pneumothorax complicated by PAL, between January 2005 and February 2020 was conducted at a tertiary center. PAL was defined as a continuous air leak of more than 48\u2009h.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PAL complicated the course of 4.8% (38\/788) of children hospitalized in the PICU with pneumothorax. Two were excluded due to missing data. Of 36 children included, PAL was secondary to bacterial pneumonia in 56%, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in 31%, lung surgery in 11%, and spontaneous pneumothorax in 3%. Compared to non\u2010ARDS causes, children with ARDS required more drains (median, range: 4, 3\u201311 vs. 2, 1\u20137; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and mechanical ventilation (100% vs. 12%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), and had a higher mortality (64% vs. 0%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). All children with bacterial pneumonia survived to discharge, with a median air leak duration of 14 days (range 3\u201372 days). Most of which (90%) were managed conservatively, by continuous chest drainage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial pneumonia was the leading cause of PAL in this cohort. PAL secondary to ARDS was associated with a worse outcome. In contrast, non\u2010ARDS PAL was successfully managed conservatively, in most cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T20:25:17Z","timestamp":1622233517000},"page":"2729-2735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Persistent pulmonary air leak in the pediatric intensive care unit: Characteristics and outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Shelly","family":"Kagan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics B Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel  Petach Tikva Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elhanan","family":"Nahum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv 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