{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:21:44Z","timestamp":1759134104961,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000897","name":"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POORE20D0","ZEMANI17Y5","ZEMANI20Y7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POORE20D0","ZEMANI17Y5","ZEMANI20Y7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) and fungal airway infection may present with fungal bronchitis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) or may appear unaffected despite fungal detection. We sought to characterize people with CF with frequent detection of fungi from airway samples and determine clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective study included individuals with CF with \u22654 lower airway cultures over a 2\u2010year baseline period and \u22652 years of follow\u2010up. We defined two groups: \u22641 positive fungus culture (<jats:italic>rare<\/jats:italic>) or \u22652 positive cultures during baseline (<jats:italic>frequent<\/jats:italic>). Clinical characteristics and outcomes were determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between 2004 and 2016, 294 individuals met inclusion with 62% classified as rare and 38% as frequent fungi during baseline. Median follow\u2010up was 6 years (range: 2\u20139 years). <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic> was the most common fungal species detected. Individuals with frequent fungi were older (13.7 vs. 11.7 years, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.02) and more likely to have <jats:italic>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic> (35% vs. 17%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) at baseline, but did not differ in lung function or ABPA diagnosis. During follow\u2010up, those with frequent fungi were more likely to have chronic <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>maltophilia<\/jats:italic>. Individuals with ABPA and frequent fungi had the highest rates of co\u2010infection and co\u2010morbidities, and a trend towards more rapid lung function decline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fungal infection in CF was associated with frequent <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic> co\u2010infection even in those without ABPA. Individuals with frequent fungi and ABPA had worse outcomes, highlighting the potential contribution of fungi to CF pulmonary disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T09:30:30Z","timestamp":1634981430000},"page":"152-161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clinical characteristics of people with cystic fibrosis and frequent fungal infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5229-2418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. Spencer","family":"Poore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxene","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Informatics Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elinor","family":"Towler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pediatrics Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9042-3642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacey L.","family":"Martiniano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pediatrics Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Brinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Informatics Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily M.","family":"DeBoer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pediatrics Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Sagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pediatrics Anschutz 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