{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T17:09:40Z","timestamp":1781975380037,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>In continuous positive airway pressure\u00a0(CPAP) devices, pressure can be generated by two different mechanisms: either via an expiratory valve or by one or more jets. Valved CPAP devices are referred to as constant\u2010flow devices, and jet devices are called variable\u2010flow devices. Constant\u2010flow CPAP devices are said to reduce the imposed work of breathing due to lower breath\u2010dependent pressure fluctuations. The present study investigates the performance of various constant\u2010\u00a0and variable\u2010flow CPAP devices in relation to breath\u2010dependent pressure fluctuations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design<\/jats:title>Experimental study comparing the pressure fluctuations incurred by seven neonatal CPAP devices attached to an active neonatal lung model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methodology<\/jats:title>Spontaneous breathing was simulated using a tidal volume of 6\u2009ml at pressure levels of 5, 7, and 9\u2009mbar. The main outcomes were respiratory pressure fluctuations, tidal volume, and end\u2010expiratory pressure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>All CPAP devices tested showed respiratory pressure fluctuations, varying from 0.631\u00a0to 3.466\u2009mbar. The generated tidal volume correlated significantly with the pressure fluctuations (r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.947; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) and varied between 5.550\u00a0and 6.316\u2009ml. CPAP devices with jets showed no advantage over CPAP devices with expiratory valves. End\u2010expiratory pressure in the nose deviated from the set pressure between \u22121.305\u00a0and 0.644\u2009mbar and varied depending on whether the pressure was measured in the device or in the tube extending to the nose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>During standard spontaneous breathing, breath\u2010dependent pressure fluctuations in constant\u2010\u00a0and variable\u2010flow devices are comparable. Pressure measurements taken in the tubing system can lead to a considerable deviation of the applied pressure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T06:04:49Z","timestamp":1656655489000},"page":"2411-2419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Breath\u2010dependent pressure fluctuations in various constant\u2010 and variable\u2010flow neonatal CPAP devices"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5634-5791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenz","family":"Auer\u2010Hackenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Division of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Paracelsus Medical Private University Salzburg 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