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In adult patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, it varies from 40% in an autopsied series in the preantibiotic era to 10% in patients who have undergone routine bronchofibroscopy in modern times. We describe our experience of four cases of confirmed bronchial stenosis due to MTB collected between January 2000 and June 2021 in this case series descriptive study. The diagnosis of bronchial stenosis due to TB was made on flexible bronchoscopy. A TB diagnosis was made if MTB was cultured from respiratory secretions, when Ziehl\u2010Neelsen smear or GeneXpert MTB\/RIF test was positive, or if a chest radiograph revealed radiographic features typical of MTB. Bronchial stenosis due to TB is rare even if airway compression is frequently seen. Although an early diagnosis of bronchial stenosis due to TB is difficult on chest X\u2010rays, all children in this series demonstrated parenchymal changes distal to the stenosis ranging from hyperinflation and lobar collaps to bronchiectasis. If bronchial stenosis resulting from TB disease is diagnosed early, balloon dilatation as described in this report, may be an effective and safe intervention, preventing long\u2010term complications such as irreversible lung destruction, that may require pneumonectomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T08:14:01Z","timestamp":1656663241000},"page":"2445-2454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tuberculous bronchial stenosis: Diagnosis and role of interventional bronchoscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Pierre","family":"Goussard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1146-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savvas","family":"Andronikou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Perelman School, of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barend","family":"Fourie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacques T.","family":"Janson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stellenbosch University, and Tygerberg Hospital Tygerberg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawel T.","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70245-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Global tuberculosis report 2019. 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