{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T22:42:40Z","timestamp":1783464160267,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Caffeine is the first\u2010choice drug for the treatment for apnea of prematurity (AOP) in preterm infants and it has been reported that it improves the diaphragm activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate by ultrasound possible changes in diaphragm contractility and motility induced by caffeine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied 26 preterm infants with gestational age \u226434 weeks treated with caffeine for the prevention or treatment of AOP. Diaphragmatic ultrasound was performed 15\u2009min (T<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>) before and 60\u2009min (T<jats:sub>60<\/jats:sub>) after the loading (20\u2009mg\/kg) or maintenance (5\u2009mg\/kg) dose of caffeine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diaphragmatic excursion (DE) and thickness at the end of inspiration (DT\u2010in) and expiration (DT\u2010ex), as well as peak velocity of the excursion at the end of inspiration (DT\u2010in) and expiration (DT\u2010ex) increased after administration of both loading and maintenance dose of caffeine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ultrasounds confirmed that caffeine improves the activity of diaphragm in preterm infants improving its thickness, amplitude of excursions, and contraction velocity. These results are consistent with the effectiveness of caffeine in treating AOP and decreasing the risk of failure of noninvasive respiratory support in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T12:41:45Z","timestamp":1683290505000},"page":"2104-2110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of caffeine on diaphragmatic activity in preterm infants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Carlo","family":"Dani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology Careggi University Hospital of Florence Florence Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health University of Florence  Florence 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