{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:18:29Z","timestamp":1784733509477,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The reported prevalence of chronic lung disease (CLD) due to coronavirus 2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS\u2010CoV\u20102)]) pneumonia with the severe acute respiratory syndrome in children is unknown and rarely reported in English literature. In contrast to most other respiratory viruses, children generally have less severe symptoms when infected with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. Although only a minority of children with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection require hospitalization, severe cases have been reported. More severe SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 respiratory disease in infants has been reported in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs) compared to high\u2010income countries (HICs). We describe our experience of five cases of CLD in children due to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 collected between April 2020 and August 2022.\u00a0We included children who had a history of a positive SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antigen test or a positive antibody test in the serum.\u00a0Three patterns of CLD related to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 were identified: (1) CLD in infants postventilation for severe pneumonia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093); (2) small airway disease with bronchiolitis obliterans picture (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091) and (3) adolescent with adult\u2010like post\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 disease (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091). Chest computerized\u00a0tomography\u00a0scans showed airspace disease and ground\u2010glass opacities involving both lungs with the development of coarse interstitial markings seen in four patients, reflecting the long\u2010term fibrotic consequences of diffuse alveolar damage that occur in children post\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection.\u00a0Children with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection mostly have mild symptoms with little to no long\u2010term sequelae, but the severe long\u2010term respiratory disease can develop.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T12:30:14Z","timestamp":1683117014000},"page":"2111-2123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chronic lung disease in children due to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 pneumonia: Case series"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1146-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Goussard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1803-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyam","family":"Venkatakrishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Radiology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Frigati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Janson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Tygerberg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Laboratory Service, Division of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janette","family":"Verster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre G.","family":"Gie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantelle","family":"Myburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elri","family":"Du Plooy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delano","family":"Rhode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carien","family":"Bekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savvas","family":"Andronikou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Radiology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Rabie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke M.","family":"van der Zalm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01155-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320338"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1666"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25881"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-03955-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Revised WHO classification and treatment of pneumonia in children at health facilities: evidence summaries.World Health Organization\u00a0(NLM classification: WA 320).\u00a0https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/137319\/9789241507813_eng.pdf;jsessionid=FEDFE98EC441A85105733B2F0A6268EC?sequence=1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.\u00a0COVID\u201019 rapid guideline: managing the long\u2010term effects of COVID\u201019. NICE guideline [NG188].\u00a0December 18 2020.\u00a0https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng188"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. A clinical case definition of post COVID\u201019 condition by a Delphi consensus \u00a06 October 2021.\u00a0Accessed October 6 2021.\u00a0https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-053418"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1731"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1204664"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2022.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e3282ff62e9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2010.07.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A case of post\u2010infectious bronchiolitis obliterans developing after covid\u201019 infection","volume":"6","author":"Yilmaz A_I","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Case Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30484-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.220449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.221806"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2022.37.e246"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25239"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ppul.26440","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T05:39:50Z","timestamp":1697175590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ppul.26440"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ppul.26440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.26440","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["8755-6863","1099-0496"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8755-6863","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0496","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-01-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}