{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T03:24:35Z","timestamp":1772767475038,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The continued inclusion of race in spirometry reference equations is a topic of intense debate for adult lung function, but less discussion has focused on implications for children. Obtaining accurate estimates of children's lung function is an important component of the diagnosis of childhood respiratory illnesses, including asthma, cystic fibrosis, and interstitial lung disease. Given the higher burden among racial\/ethnic minorities for many respiratory illnesses, it is critical to avoid racial bias in interpreting lung function. We recommend against the continued use of race\u2010specific reference equations for a number of reasons. The original reference populations used to develop the equations were comprised of children with restricted racial diversity, relatively small sample sizes, and likely included some unhealthy children. Moreover, there is no scientific justification for innate racial differences in lung function, as there is no clear physiological or genetic explanation for the disparities. Alternatively, many environmental factors harm lung development, including allergens from pests, asbestos, lead, prenatal smoking, and air pollution, as well as preterm birth and childhood respiratory illnesses, which are all more common among minority racial groups. Race\u2010neutral equations may provide a temporary solution, but still rely on the racial diversity of the reference populations used to build them. Ultimately researchers must uncover the underlying factors truly driving racial differences in lung function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T08:26:26Z","timestamp":1683102386000},"page":"3806-3811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Is it time to end race and ethnicity adjustment for pediatric pulmonary function tests?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9781-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Non","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of California, San Diego La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2104-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Akong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California, San Diego La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"Rady Children's Hospital San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Race: Are We So Different?","author":"Goodman AH","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4951"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2004740"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30571-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00196.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202201-0076ED"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202201-0197LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202203-0565LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202112-2772ED"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202105-1246OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202107-1612OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202104-0822LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-0205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202109-2088LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"1163","volume-title":"Kendig and Chernick's Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children E\u2010Book","author":"Wilmott RW","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.1446"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"The Office of Minority Health. 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