{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:59:34Z","timestamp":1783663174064,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extremely preterm infants experience frequent intermittent hypoxia (IH) episodes during oxygen therapy which causes significant damage to the lungs and curtails important signaling pathways that regulate normal lung alveolarization and microvascular maturation. We tested the hypothesis that early supplementation with fish oil and\/or antioxidants in rats exposed to neonatal IH improves expression of lung biomarkers of alveolarization and microvascular maturation, and reduces IH\u2010induced lung injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design\/Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From birth (P0) to P14, rat pups were exposed to room air (RA) or neonatal IH during which they received daily oral supplementation with either: (1) olive oil (OO) (control); (2) Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in OO; (3) fish oil; (4) glutathione nanoparticles (nGSH); or (5) fish oil\u2009+CoQ10. At P14 pups were placed in RA\u00a0until P21 with no further treatment. RA controls were similarly treated. Lung growth and alveolarization, histopathology, apoptosis, oxidative stress and biomarkers of alveolarization and microvascular maturation were determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neonatal IH was associated with reduced lung weights and severe histopathological outcomes. These effects were curtailed with fish oil and nGSH. nGSH was also protective against apoptosis, while CoQ10 prevented IH\u2010induced ROS production. Of all treatments, nGSH and CoQ10\u2009+\u2009fish oil\u2010induced vascular endothelial growth factor<jats:sub>165<\/jats:sub> and CD31 (Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule\u20101), which are associated with angiogenesis. CoQ10\u2009+\u2009fish oil improved alveolarization in RA and IH despite evidence of hemorrhage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The benefits of nGSH and CoQ10\u2009+\u2009fish oil suggest an antioxidant effect which may be required to curtail IH\u2010induced lung injury. Further clinical assessment of the effectiveness of nGSH is warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T15:20:41Z","timestamp":1685719241000},"page":"2352-2363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Biomarkers of lung alveolarization and microvascular maturation in response to intermittent hypoxia and\/or early antioxidant\/fish oil supplementation in neonatal rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Marcelino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University,\u00a0College of Medicine Brooklyn New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles L.","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal\u2010Perinatal 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