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The present study aimed at evaluating the role of outdoor air pollutants on hospitalization for bronchiolitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infants aged \u226412 months referred for bronchiolitis to our Pediatric Emergency Department in Bologna, Italy, from 1 October 2011 to 16 March 2020 (nine epidemic seasons) were retrospectively included. Daily concentrations of benzene (C<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>H<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), particulate matter \u22642.5\u2009\u03bcm (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>), and \u226410\u2009\u03bcm (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>), and the mean values of individual patient exposure in the week and the 4 weeks before hospital access were calculated. The association between air pollutants exposure and hospitalization was evaluated through logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 2902 patients were enrolled (59.9% males; 38.7% hospitalized). Exposure to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> in the 4 weeks preceding bronchiolitis was identified as the main parameter significantly driving the risk of hospitalization (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.055 [1.010\u20131.102]). After stratifying by season, higher values of other outdoor air pollutants were found to significantly affect hospitalization: 4\u2010week exposure to C<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>H<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub> (Season 2011\u20132012, 4.090 [1.184\u201314.130]) and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> (Season 2017\u20132018, 1.282 [1.032\u20131.593]), and 1\u2010week exposure to C<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>H<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub> (Season 2012\u20132013, 6.193 [1.552\u201324.710]), NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (Season 2013\u20132014, 1.064 [1.009\u20131.122]), PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> (Season 2013\u20132014, 1.080 [1.023\u20131.141]), and PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> (Season 2018\u20132019, 1.102 [0.991\u20131.225]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>High levels of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, C<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>H<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> may increase the risk of hospitalization in children affected by bronchiolitis. Open\u2010air exposure of infants during rush hours and in the most polluted areas should be avoided.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T13:20:07Z","timestamp":1687958407000},"page":"2786-2794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Exposure to outdoor air pollution and risk of hospitalization for bronchiolitis in an urban environment: A 9\u2010year observational study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7516-243X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Dondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero\u2010Universitaria di Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Manieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialty School of Paediatrics, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8416-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovica","family":"Betti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialty School of Paediatrics, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ada","family":"Dormi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Biagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero\u2010Universitaria di Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Pierantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero\u2010Universitaria di Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Zama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero\u2010Universitaria di Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4423-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Paglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Research Council\u2013Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR\u2010ISAC) Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Lanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero\u2010Universitaria di Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-40-65"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2742"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2018-0260"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Bronchiolitis: diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis in Children","author":"National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acute bronchiolitis: assessment and management in the emergency department","volume":"16","author":"Joseph MM","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Med Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1413456"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-12-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2837"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-39-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201703-191OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5352"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"WHO. 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