{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:19:36Z","timestamp":1790803176308,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>People with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) have an altered gastrointestinal microbiome. These individuals also demonstrate propensity toward\u00a0developing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). The dysbiosis present has intestinal and extraintestinal implications, including potential links with the higher rates of gastrointestinal malignancies described in CF. Given these implications, there is growing interest in therapeutic options for microbiome modulation. Alternative therapies, including probiotics and prebiotics, and current CF transmembrane conductance regulator\u00a0gene modulators are promising interventions for ameliorating gut microbiome dysfunction in pwCF. This article will characterize and discuss the current state of knowledge and expert opinions on gut dysbiosis and SIBO in the context of CF, before reviewing the current evidence supporting gut microbial modulating therapies in CF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T09:34:59Z","timestamp":1722936899000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The gastrointestinal microbiome, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, and microbiome modulators in cystic fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0371-0986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6535-2245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Paediatrics &amp; Child Health, Randwick Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine &amp; Health University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chee Y.","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Paediatrics &amp; Child Health, Randwick Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine &amp; Health University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2475911"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.226"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11020123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008251"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061176"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009753"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2209-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2021.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00548.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-019-01610-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24857"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22493"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3842-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2018.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030480"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2020.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00046-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8507583"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529609094568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.1997.11720720"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1134082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00428"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12567"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714373115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2023.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0714-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0968-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55028-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiw230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02305-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.16472"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit715"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2012.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06880-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-0710-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2015.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAD-0010-2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076341"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02873-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2156254"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22493"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2023.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220642"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45467-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082891"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30188-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i48.8626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdtm.2019.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","unstructured":"2021 Annual Data Report. Published online2021.https:\/\/www.cff.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-11\/Patient-Registry-Annual-Data-Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-004-0013-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2010.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30241-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2013.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318284abb5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19753-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030597"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00311-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11050536"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00251-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.02.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2017.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.06.090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000501"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.10.6040-6049.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.1998.00159.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","first-page":"631","article-title":"Small intestine bacterial overgrowth is frequent in cystic fibrosis: combined hydrogen and methane measurements are required for its detection","volume":"56","author":"Lisowska A","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.689958"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051716"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2020.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36364-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/948367"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000683"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X12459294"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0173-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0199-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01765"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204266"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile\u2010associated diarrhea in adults and children","volume":"12","author":"Goldenberg JZ","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2017.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-017-0033-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2016.09.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","article-title":"Probiotics for people with cystic fibrosis","volume":"1","author":"Coffey MJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2014.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087796"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-02078-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","first-page":"475","article-title":"The effect of probiotics on fecal calprotectin in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"55","author":"Fallahi G","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1740645"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121361"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1534512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.232025"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_111_1","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Are all dietary fibers equal for patients with inflammatory bowel disease? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"80","author":"Peters V","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(12)70057-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165882"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908639"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201510-669LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201404-0703OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.877118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1510466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2022.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-1993(22)00160-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000814"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2020.0275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i15.4713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003459"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06370.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311339"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ppul.26913","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T10:49:50Z","timestamp":1723027790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ppul.26913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ppul.26913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.26913","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["8755-6863","1099-0496"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8755-6863","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0496","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}