{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T02:15:14Z","timestamp":1740104114063,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of coexisting conditions and exposures in children with nodular tracheobronchitis diagnosed by flexible bronchoscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a single\u2010center retrospective review of 100 children diagnosed with nodular tracheobronchitis by flexible bronchoscopy between 2012 and 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Common coexisting diagnoses included gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, 50%), dysphagia\/aspiration (40%), asthma (30%), recurrent croup (30%), tracheostomy dependence (19%) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EOE) (12%). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) demonstrated cellular inflammation with elevated proportions of neutrophils in 63%, and lymphocytes in 24%. Among 88 patients in whom bacterial cultures were performed, 52% were positive, with Moraxella, Haemophilus, Streptococcal and Pseudomonas species predominating. Among 30 patients who underwent viral testing, 57% were positive, with rhinovirus (82%) and adenovirus (29%) predominating. Patients with neutrophilic inflammation were more likely to have a positive respiratory bacterial culture and\/or viral polymerase chain reaction (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003, 0.005). Evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract included 79 patients with a history of esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 45 patients with a videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS), and 45 patients with multi\u2010channel intraluminal impedance and pH testing. The majority of VFSS were abnormal (60%) demonstrating either laryngeal penetration (33%) or intratracheal aspiration (27%). Median pH reflux and impedance proximal reflux indices were 3.8% and 0.5% respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Potential contributing factors in the pathophysiology of nodular tracheobronchitis include bacterial and viral infections, GERD, dysphagia\/aspiration, and EOE. When nodular tracheobronchitis is observed during bronchoscopy, further evaluation to assess for these conditions should be considered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.27142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T12:32:16Z","timestamp":1718973136000},"page":"2850-2856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposures and coexisting conditions in pediatric nodular tracheobronchitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7993-3256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren M. C.","family":"Grant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen B.","family":"Zur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosara","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pelton A.","family":"Phinizy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Piccione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23142"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.11.025"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811403071"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24163"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2016.12.68"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir280"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00130.2005"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22677"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.06.067"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.08.001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23327"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24168"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.06.009"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.2.108"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001889"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ppul.27142","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T15:05:57Z","timestamp":1728572757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ppul.27142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ppul.27142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.27142","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["8755-6863","1099-0496"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"8755-6863"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-0496"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}