{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:29:52Z","timestamp":1789496992929,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the last decades none of the medical therapies investigated have shown clear efficacy in the treatment of bronchiolitis, and literature agrees on a general de\u2010implementation of pharmacological therapies, recognizing an effective role only to nutritional support and oxygen therapy. High\u2010flow nasal cannulas (HFNC) has become increasingly popular in the last decade, despite its lack of clear efficacy. Recent randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing standard oxygen therapy (SOT) and HFNC did not demonstrate significant benefit of HFNC. To acquire more clinical data on HFNC efficacy we performed a retrospective, quasi\u2010experimental analysis of patients admitted for bronchiolitis in the epidemic seasons 2021\u20132022 and 2022\u20132023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the efficacy of SOT and HFNC we used a pragmatic approach, a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, which is a quasi\u2010experimental test. Unlike RCTs, this process is not a true randomization, but may be interpreted as quasi\u2010randomization in an observational setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HFNC did not reduce length of oxygen therapy (LOO) nor length of hospitalization (LOS) (respectively, p: 0.383 and p: 0.454). Treatment failure was not significantly different in the treatment groups (p: 0.354).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is crucial to perform additional RCTs with uniform protocols to determine the efficacy of HFNC more accurately in the treatment of bronchiolitis. HFNC does not reduce LOO, suggesting that early use of HFNC does not change the course of disease in moderate bronchiolitis. In view of the greater complexity and higher cost, HFNC should not be routinely used as first\u2010line treatment in children with moderate respiratory distress and mild hypoxemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.27358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T08:44:23Z","timestamp":1729845863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High\u2010flow nasal cannulas versus standard oxygen therapy for moderate bronchiolitis: a quasi\u2010experimental analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0789-9779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia","family":"Antilici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital IRCCS, Hospital University Pediatrics Clinical Area Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1164-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna C.","family":"Vittucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital IRCCS, Hospital University Pediatrics Clinical Area Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Cristaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital IRCCS, Hospital University Pediatrics Clinical Area Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M. C.","family":"Musolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital IRCCS, Hospital University Pediatrics Clinical Area Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Pisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital IRCCS, Hospital University Pediatrics Clinical Area Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lelia","family":"Rotondi Aufiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital IRCCS, Hospital University Pediatrics Clinical Area Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara V.","family":"Di Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossana","family":"Scutari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7711-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Cutrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Pulmonology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCSS Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Dotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus\u2010Newborn\u2010Infant \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children's Hospital IRCCS Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo F.","family":"Perno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Villani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital IRCCS, Hospital University Pediatrics Clinical Area Rome Italy"},{"name":"Systems Medicine Departments Tor Vergata University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30951-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26851"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1413456"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01392-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (UK). Bronchiolitis: diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis in Children. 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